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This thesis summarizes the use of interfacial reactions, responsive surfactants, and specific tuning of interfacial tensions to discover novel ways to manufacture and manipulate dynamic double emulsion systems. In Chapter 1, we introduce emulsions and surfactants. We describe the fabrication of emulsions and creating stimuli responsive systems. Finally, we explore the relatively recent research into dynamic double emulsions, which is explored further in this thesis. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate the use of selective, interfacial imine formation at emulsion interfaces for the in situ formation of surfactants for novel manufacturing of emulsions and biosensors, dynamic morphology changes through perturbing imine equilibria, and the destruction of emulsions with imine formation at the emulsion-solid interface. In Chapter 3, we introduce surfactants that localize at the internal interface of double emulsions, which enables the incorporation of liquid crystals into dynamically reconfigurable complex emulsions. Further, we demonstrate that isomerization of a photo-responsive azobenzene surfactant at the internal interface of liquid crystal double emulsions results in reversible morphology change. In addition, isomerization of the azobenzene internal surfactant results in overall droplet movement, both orientational and translational. In Chapter 4, we describe that interfacial confinement of magnetic nanoparticles to emulsions interfaces, accomplished through interfacial imine formation, imparts ferromagnetic behavior to dynamic double emulsion comprising isotropic solvents. Further, we demonstrate liquid crystal double emulsions enable precise assembly of magnetic nanoparticles at the emulsion interface and can produce droplets movement and reorganization of the director field. In Chapter 5, we synthesize nucleophile-responsive surfactants with Michael acceptor functionalities to create responsive single and double emulsions. We demonstrate the emulsion systems are responsive to both small nucleophiles and polymeric nanoassemblies. Further, we describe the use of an unrelated stimuli, light, to trigger a cascade that results in emulsion responses.
The Comprehensive, Single-Source Reference on Multiple Emulsions In theory, multiple emulsions have significant potential for breakthrough applications in food, agricultural, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries in which they can facilitate the sustained release and transport of active material. However, in practice, multiple emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. This book presents recent findings that can help formulators understand how to enhance their stability. With chapters contributed by leading experts from around the world, it covers the definition and properties of multiple emulsions, their formation and stability, and potential applications, with an emphasis on medical and pharmaceutical applications. In one definitive resource, it presents recent findings and achievements in the field, including: New theoretical approaches and modeling to characterize the transport mechanism Droplet size reduction and increased shelf life stability through the use of polymeric amphiphiles and complex adducts The use of new emulsification techniques to enhance the monodispersibility of the droplets Potential applications in drug delivery systems where clinical studies have proven their efficacy This is a core, hands-on reference for surface and colloid scientists, physical chemists, chemical engineers, soft materials scientists, food chemists, controlled release scientists, and pharmaceutical scientists in drug delivery applications, as well as for graduate students in these disciplines. The editor and contributors hope this logical consolidation of current information will further the understanding of multiple emulsions and lead to new, practical applications.
Explains miniemulsion technology and techniques and why they have many distinct advantages over the conventional emulsion polymerization technology Miniemulsion Polymerization Technology comprises 10 papers by many of the world's experts on the subject. It summarizes the recent advances in miniemulsion polymerization technology including the advances on the selection of surfactants and co-surfactants, the expansion of miniemulsion technology in various polymers and co-polymer systems, and the use of miniemulsion polymerization for the synthesis of advanced polymer particle morphologies. There have been a large number of texts on emulsion and other forms of polymerization methods, but miniemulsion polymerization, though it provides unique routes for polymer particle synthesis, has been neglected. This edited volume: Details the use of miniemulsion polymerization in encapsulation, core shell functional particles, nitroxide mediated polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization or radical addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, to generate advanced polymer nanoparticles or organic-inorganic composite particles Examines the wide spectrum of commercial possibilities of miniemulsion polymerization Provides both introductory material as well as deep insights into the synthesis of polymer particles
While continuous processes have found widespread application within chemical production, members of the research and development communities have historically favored the centuries old technique of iterative batch reactions. With the exception of combinatorial and microwave chemistry, little had been done to change the way that synthetic chemists c
There has been much scientific interest in the behaviour of colloidal particles at liquid interfaces. From a research aspect they provide model systems for fundamental studies of condensed matter physics. From a commercial aspect they provide applications for making new materials in the cosmetics, food and paint industries. In many cases of colloidal particles at interfaces, the mechanism of particle interactions is still unknown. Particle-Stabilized Emulsions and Colloids looks at recent studies on the behaviour of particles at liquid interfaces. The book first introduces the basic concepts and principles of colloidal particles at liquid-liquid interfaces including the interactions and conformations. The book then discusses the latest advances in emulsions and bicontinuous emulsions stabilized by both solid and soft particles and finally the book covers applications in food science and oil extraction. With contributions from leading experts in these fields, this book will provide a background to academic researchers, engineers, and graduate students in chemistry, physics and materials science. The commercial aspects will also be of interest to those working in the cosmetics, food and oil industry.
A discussion of fundamental characteristics, theories and applications for liquid-liquid colloidal dispersions. It profiles experimental and traditional measurement techniques in a variety of emulsified systems, including rheology, nuclear magnetic resonance, dielectric spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, video enhanced microscopy, and conductivity.
Presenting breakthrough research pertinent to scientists in a wide range of disciplines-from medicine and biotechnology to cosmetics and pharmacy-this Second Edition provides practical approaches to complex formulation problems encountered in the development of particulate delivery systems at the micro- and nano-size level. Completely revised and e