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This memorandum begins with an overview of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). It describes the history of the Helsinki accords and their immediate effects. The Helsinki Final Act (HFA) is presented, as well the first review conferences. Special attention is given to the attitude of the United States Government to the CSCE. The memorandum describes the various institutions created by the Paris Charter and the functioning of these new institutions. The second section of the report focuses on the implementation and formulation of US policy regarding CSCE human rights commitments. Information is given on the historical role of the US in the CSCE process and the US approach in the post-Cold War era. The major emphasis of this section is on the various actors involved in US policy formulation. Reference is made to the US State Department, the US Commission established to monitor, document and encourage compliance with the Helsinki accords, Congress, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Information is also provided on US compliance with HFA commitments. The final section of the paper discusses various prospects for the CSCE's future. Various new priorities are described as well as the effects of CSCE institutionalization. Comparisons are made between CSCE insitutions and existing European institutions such as the Council of Europe and the European Community. The effects of institutionalization on the CSCE process and human rights are also examined. The memorandum concludes with several recommendations concerning US policy towards CSCE as well as the future of CSCE in general.
Conference paper comprising the text of the final act adopted at the conference on security and co-operation in europe, concerning peaceful international relations and international cooperation between the participating states (incl. European countries, the USA and Canada) - includes measures relating to disarmament, economic relations, defence manoeuvres, trade relations, scientific cooperation, etc. Conf helsinki 1973 jul 3. Conference held in Geneva 1973 September 18 to jul 21. Conf helsinki 1975 aug 1.
On 9 and 10 July 1992, the Heads of State or Government of 51 participating states of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) convened in the Finnish capital, Helsinki. This meeting, which became known as Helsinki-II, marked an important milestone in the history of the CSCE process which was born at the same place about two decades previously. This collection of essays analyzes the results of the Helsinki Summit and the major issues which were debated. Topics range from political and security dimension of the CSCE, economic cooperation and the protection of the environment, to human dimension issues. Most authors were engaged in (parts of) the negotiation process which led to the Helsinki Document.
This book examines the exclusion of minority languages (and their speakers) from the mainstream domains of everyday social life in postcolonial Zimbabwe. It considers forces of hegemonic nation building, subtle cultural oppression and a desire for linguistic uniformity as major factors contributing to the social exclusion of Zimbabweans from language groups other than Shona and Ndebele. The book interprets the various forms of language-based exclusion exercised by Shona and Ndebele language speakers over minority groups as constituting a form of linguistic imperialism. Contrary to the popular view that English is Zimbabwe's «killer language», which should be replaced by selected indigenous languages that are perceived as more nationally «authentic» and better grounded in both pre- and post-imperial frameworks, this book argues that linguistic imperialism has very little to do with whether the dominating language is «foreign» or «indigenous». The author discusses oral submissions from minority language speakers, language experts, policy-makers and educators. While the focus is specifically on the politics of language and identity in Zimbabwe, this case study gives an insight into the complexity of identity and nation building in postcolonial Africa.
From its inception, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) provoked controversy. Today it is widely regarded as having contributed to the end of the Cold War. Bringing together new and innovative research on the CSCE, this volume explores questions key to understanding the Cold War: What role did diplomats play in shaping the 1975 Helsinki Final Act? How did that agreement and the CSCE more broadly shape societies in Europe and North America? And how did the CSCE and activists inspired by the Helsinki Final Act influence the end of the Cold War?