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The U.S. government has authorized hundreds of billions of dollars in arms sales to foreign governments and other foreign buyers—more than $180 billion in fiscal year 2018 alone. The United States uses two key arms transfer programs: Direct Commercial Sales, in which a U.S. corporation and a foreign buyer negotiate the sale, and Foreign Military Sales, in which the U.S. government and a foreign government negotiate a purchase agreement. State and DOD’s processes for reviewing proposed arms transfers are aligned with conventional arms transfer policy criteria and seek to ensure they are consistent with U.S. interests.
A 1995 Presidential Executive Order established a board to advise the president on implementing a policy on conventional (nonnuclear) arms and technology transfer. The board was to study the factors that contribute to the proliferation of strategic and advanced conventional military weapons and technology and the policy options the United States might use to inhibit such proliferation. Shrinking federal budgets have made exports of all kinds, including weapons, an attractive means of shoring up a country's industrial base. The heart of the problem is striking a balance between the preservation of military production and a healthy industrial base on the one hand, and restraining exports that proliferate advanced weapons. Foreign policy, national security, and economic interests that are served by the approval or denial of weapons sales can be compelling, but often pull in different directions. Striking the right balance among cross-cutting priorities is the key to an effective weapons transfer policy. This report discusses trends in the international arms markets, how transfers of weapons and technology are controlled, the economics of arms exports, and the relationship between arms exports and a country's economy.