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Does God really communicate his will to individuals, so that they receive infallible guidance in that sense which the ancient Greeks called "enthusiasm"? Both the Old Testament and the New maintain that the true prophets received direct advices from God, which, regardless of consequences, they were morally bound to communicate even to the skeptical among their contemporaries. The recent canonization of Joan of Arc is a fresh proof that the Catholics believe in the possibility of private revelations. Luther, Calvin and the English Reformers were hostile to those Anabaptists and others who alleged they were actually receiving new revelations; and early Massachusetts felt that the most dangerous of Anne Hutchinson's heresies was her claim to immediate inspiration; for the "motions" she followed might not be those of God but the Devil. Dr. Lee sketches the belief in direct inspiration from its Hebraic and Greek roots down to the time of the French Prophets who amazed London. Early Methodism arose in such an atmosphere. He has, therefore, examined the early records of the Methodist movement and gathered evidence from its friends and from its enemies to answer the question: How far did some of the early Methodists believe that they were directly moved by God?
Completely revised and updated for this new edition, Benedictow's acclaimed study remains the definitive account of the Black Death and its impact on history. The first edition of The Black Death collected and analysed the many local studies on the disease published in a variety of languages and examined a range of scholarly papers. The medical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease, its geographical origin, its spread across Asia Minor, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe, and the mortality in the countries and regions for which there are satisfactory studies, are clearly presented and thoroughly discussed. The pattern, pace and seasonality of spread revealed through close scrutiny of these studies exactly reflect current medical work and standard studies on the epidemiology of bubonic plague. Benedictow's findings made it clear that the true mortality rate was far higher than had been previously thought. In the light of those findings, the discussion in the last part of the book showing the Black Death as a turning point in history takes on a new significance. OLE J. BENEDICTOW is Professor of History at the University of Oslo.