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This publication provides insights on deliberations regarding the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) transition and implications for Asia and the Pacific. With the Article 6 Rulebook expected to be finalized at the 26th Conference of Parties in Glasgow, the Asian Development Bank hopes this publication can increase knowledge and understanding of the CDM transition along with its relevance to economies in the region. It is also intended to help stakeholders from Asia and the Pacific become better prepared to contribute to the finalization of the Article 6 Rulebook and move toward operationalizing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, countries took up the difficult task of finding a common approach that would slow down the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and delay changes to the planet's climate. To address this concern, several flexible mechanisms were designed, including the CDM. This book is about the economic assessment of certain CDM performances, but also its future sustainability and trajectory.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a market mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, has been successful in supporting mitigation actions through carbon inance. With nearly 7,700 projects and 290 Program of Activities registered by the CDM Executive Board, the CDM allows GHG emission reduction projects in developing countries to generate Certiied Emission Reductions which can be used to ofset mandatory or voluntary emission reduction targets. It however requires a robust monitoring, reporting, and veriication (MRV) to ensure social and environmental integrity of such projects and the emissions reductions thereof. This MRV manual is intended to assist CDM project developers in understanding and managing the MRV requirements and process of their CDM projects in a simple step-by-step manner with the help of real examples and practical tips. While this MRV manual has been developed primarily to assist CDM project developers, it also aspires to be of help for projects participating in other existing and emerging market mechanisms. These may include bilateral mechanisms; voluntary carbon markets; regional, national, and subnational carbon markets; and any of the cooperative approaches and new market mechanism for the post-2020 carbon markets consequent to the Paris Agreement adopted at COP21 in December 2015. As carbon markets in the region evolve beyond CDM, there is a strong need to maintain and further build institutional capacities to ensure growth and enhanced efectivity of carbon markets---and this MRV manual is an efort in that direction.
This definitive guide to developing renewable energy CDM projects in Latin America - the largest market on the doorstep of the United States - provides business leaders, investors, project developers and host country offices with the one-stop guide to successful CDM renewable energy project development. The book opens with an accessible guide to the CDM that explains what it is and how it works in both theory and practice with a step-by-step guide for investors, project developers, consultants and Designated National Authorities (DNAs). The book then provides valuable country-by-country market analysis of Latin America with a focus on the electrical sector, renewable energy incentives and the overall investment climate that provides an authoritative guide to the most and least favourable places to develop projects. The final section provides guidance for how to overcome the identified barriers with practical actions for successful project development.
Climate change is an environmental problem of unprecedented complexity, not just in terms of its physical, social, economic and political impacts, but particularly in terms of the range of policy instruments being designed by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate Change and Carbon Markets aims to provide an accessible and practical guide to cutting edge market-based mechanisms which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This book is a guide for national and international policy-makers and industry professionals, who need to understand the carbon markets established pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol, one of the most complex agreements ever negotiated. The book sets out how carbon markets will function by explaining the rules, institutions and procedures of the Kyoto mechanisms, including: emissions trading, joint implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It also provides an in-depth explanation of the EU Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme, emerging mechanisms in the US and developing countries, and how these will link up. For policy-makers, researchers and scholars; industry practitioners, companies, market service providers, technical and legal consultants, NGOs and all stakeholder organizations engaged in the Kyoto markets, this is the authoritative and comprehensive practical guide to this rapidly evolving area. Contains the full text of the key European Union documents setting up the EU Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme and the Linking Directive.
Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole. This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government
Preventing risks of severe damage from climate change not only requires deep cuts in developed country greenhouse gas emissions, but enormous amounts of public and private investment to limit emissions while promoting green growth in developing countries. While attention has focused on emissions limitations commitments and architectures, the crucial issue of what must be done to mobilize and govern the necessary financial resources has received too little consideration. In Climate Finance, a leading group of policy experts and scholars shows how effective mitigation of climate change will depend on a complex mix of public funds, private investment through carbon markets, and structured incentives that leave room for developing country innovations. This requires sophisticated national and global regulation of cap-and-trade and offset markets, forest and energy policy, international development funding, international trade law, and coordinated tax policy. Thirty-six targeted policy essays present a succinct overview of the emerging field of climate finance, defining the issues, setting the stakes, and making new and comprehensive proposals for financial, regulatory, and governance mechanisms that will enrich political and policy debate for many years to come. The complex challenges of climate finance will continue to demand fresh insights and creative approaches. The ideas in this volume mark out starting points for essential institutional and policy innovations.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol seeks to foster sustainable development. How can one assess the contribution of a given CDM project to a specific sustainability objective? This book provides a systematic overview of various approaches on how to assess the sustainability of CDM projects. The methodology Multi-Attributive Assessment of CDM (MATA-CDM), which evaluates CDM projects by means of 12 clearly defined criteria, is presented and discussed in detail. It produces comprehensive and pragmatic sustainability profiles of CDM projects. The methodology has been tested in case studies in India and South Africa. The administration of Uruguay is currently implementing MATA-CDM in order to officially approve CDM projects. Based on these experiences the book recommends a streamlined methodology for host country approvals. Christoph Sutter is an expert on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. He combines hands-on experience with scientific knowledge. He has been working in the renewable energy sector for the last ten years and is a consultant to various CDM projects. This book is based on his Ph.D. thesis written at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich.