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First full survey of how transhumance operated in Ireland from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth.
Irish Quaker biographers have focused on ministers, the influential and wealthy; many biographies are also unstructured and selective, leaving gaps in the narrative. The current work uses the life and family of John Boles (1661-1731), a Quaker stalwart for 50 years, as a case study for the biographer, introducing the major sources and showing how they can be deployed to 'resurrect' the contributions of the anonymous Quaker majority. As the biography is developed, information is explored and analyzed to construct reliable genealogical charts; information is culled from Friends' records to document the contributions and failures of family members in the context of their Quaker meetings; land records are consulted to measure and assess their gradual accumulation of wealth and the historical context is discussed as a backdrop to their evolving socio-economic status - all topics essential for comprehensive Quaker biographies and family histories.

Report

National Library of Ireland. Council of Trustees

Published: 1922

Total Pages: 564


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The book describes the history of a humble family that migrated from England to Ireland in the mid 17th c and put down roots at Kilconnor in County Carlow. By the end of the century many members of the family had joined the Society of Friends and concurrently the family had elevated its social and economic status as it enjoined with the landed gentry. During the late 17th c and 18th c family members left County Carlow and established themselves in other places in Ireland, including Counties Wexford, Tipperary, Dublin, Kildare, Laois and Offaly and later again in England Australia and New Zealand. Diversification in occupation followed, members entering the legal, military, banking and medical professions. Others stayed with the land and were caught up with a fascination for horses, fox hunting, polo and racing in Ireland, England and Australia some members acquiring formidable reputations up to the present day. Family members have, for example, contributed to the growth of theatre and prison reform for juveniles in England, the early banking system in Ireland, the growth of the dairy farming in Victoria, Australia, the fostering of pride and interest in exotic gardens in Ireland, the invention of revolutionary instruments for detecting submarines and the invention of the “backhand stoke” in the sport of polo. To this day the family continues to produce exceptional people whose achievements are memorable. John Watson, now living at Ballybolger in County Carlow, is one such example having represented Ireland recently at Olympic equestrian events.
The author analyses and describes the manner in which the Newgarden Meeting evolved from circa 1650 to 1730, exploring a wide range of topics including the growth in membership, Meeting discipline, governance, socio-economic status, tithe assessment, record keeping, religious life, education and migration. A number of new approaches to the analysis of Quaker records are used to assess participation of members in Meeting governance and readers are introduced to a "Reconstitution Model" that incorporates and integrates all manner of Quaker records enabling researchers to estimate Meeting membership at any point in time as well as to explore many other aspects of Quaker life with reasonable confidence. The author demonstrates that the Meeting was essentially governed by the wealthiest Members and he offers a number of select biographies of the wealthy and Members of lesser socio-economic status for comparison.