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Säkularisierung wird oft mit der Aufklärung in Verbindung gebracht. Jedoch wurde sie nicht von allen Denkern der Aufklärung verfochten. Mithilfe dieses Buches soll Licht auf die von den schottischen Aufklärern aufgedeckten Probleme und Lösungen geworfen werden, die sich bei der Untersuchung des Stellenwertes der Religion in der Gesellschaft auftaten. Tatsächlich sahen Hutcheson, Reid, Hume, Smith, Ferguson und Millar die Situation der Religion in der Gesellschaft aus verschiedenen Perspektiven und kamen oftmals zu sehr unterschiedlichen Schlüssen. Dieses komplexe Verständnis von Religion führte zur Zusammenstellung dieses Buches, welches sich auf drei Fragen konzentriert: Welche Rolle nimmt die Religion in der Gesellschaft ein? Inwieweit beeinflussen die Existenz Gottes und die Naturreligion die soziale Ordnung? Wie sollten bestimmte religiöse Überzeugungen in einem säkularen Kontext verstanden werden, und was haben sie für soziale und moralische Folgen? Diese drei Kernfragen sind eng mit den wesentlichen gemeinsamen Anliegen der schottischen Denker verbunden: der Verteidigung der natürlichen menschlichen Geselligkeit gegen kontraktualistische Theorien sowie der Feststellung, ob die Religion die politische und moralische Gesellschaftsordnung behindert oder bestärkt. Secularization is often associated with the Enlightenment. However, not all Enlightenment thinkers defended it. This book aims to cast light on the problems and solutions that the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment uncovered when studying the place of religion in society. In fact, Hutcheson, Reid, Hume, Smith, Ferguson and Millar saw the situation of religion in society from different perspectives and often reached very different conclusions. This complex understanding of religion is what led us to compile this book, which focuses on three questions: What is the role of religion in society? How does the existence of God and natural religion affect the social order? How should certain religious beliefs be understood in a secular context, and what are their social and moral repercussions? These three key issues are closely connected to the Scottish thinkers’ chief common concerns: defending natural human sociability from contractualist theories and determining whether religion hinders or strengthens the political and moral order of society.
Volume 41A of Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology features a symposium on “Religion, the Scottish Enlightenment, and the Rise of Liberalism,” a new research essay by Syed Mohib Ali, and a roundtable on the institutionalist economics of Geoffrey Hodgson.
Upper-level undergraduate students, postgraduates and scholars working specifically on the Scottish Enlightenment and early modern political and economic thought more generally.
This volume features 19 original chapters on Adam Smith’s conception of modernity. The contributions demonstrate the relevance of Smith as the great interpreter of modernity 250 years after the publication of The Wealth of Nations. The chapters in Part 1 focus on structural aspects of Smith’s work. They cover topics such as Smith as the theorist of a spontaneous order, the systematic dimension of Smith’s theoretical construction, and Smith’s role as a historian of economic thought. Part 2 addresses Smith’s conception of modern subjectivity between Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, Theory of Moral Sentiments, and Wealth of Nations. Here the contributors consider the figure of the Smithian "merchant" and the importance of ridicule and satire for understanding modern civility, and comment on the role of sympathy, imagination, and moral judgement in developing a sense of self, the condition of the modern man in society, and the virtue of self-command. Part 3 focuses on the crucial question of the relationship between ethics and economics discussing the link between efficiency, equity and justice, the nature of Smith's theory of value, and the ethical connotation of Smith's critique. Part 4 deals with topics inherent to the functional dynamics and development process of the Smithian "commercial society." These topics include law and authority, the relationship between work and freedom, the parable of the "poor man's son," and the economic and political consequences of the new secular orthodoxy. Finally, the chapters in Part 5 explore themes related to history and the Smithian idea of progress. They focus on the link between trade and progress of civilization, Smith’s modern sociological vision of mass commercial societies, Smith's judgement on “savage” and premodern societies, and the controversial question of the immanentistic or providentialist perspective from which Smith considers both the social dynamics and the historical process. Adam Smith and Modernity will appeal to scholars and advanced students on 18th-century philosophy, the history of economic thought, and the history of social and political philosophy.
This book highlights the powerful impact of some important Spanish Jesuits (Suárez, Acosta, Ribadeneira, Mariana) on some relevant English thinkers such as Locke, Bacon, and others, regarding politics, law and natural rights, an influence sometimes hidden and always controversial.
How did people view mental health problems in the eighteenth century, and what do the attitudes of ordinary people towards those afflicted tell us about the values of society at that time? Professor Houston draws upon a wide range of contemporary sources, notably asylum documents, and civil and criminal court records, to present unique insights into the issues around madness, including the written and spoken words of sufferers themselves, and the vocabulary associated with insanity. The links between madness and a range of other issues are explored including madness, gender, social status, religion and witchcraft, in addition to the attributed causes of derangement such as heredity and alcohol abuse. This is a detailed yet profoundly humane and compassionate study of the everyday experiences of those suffering mental impairments ranging from idiocy to lunacy, and an exploration into the meaning of this for society in the eighteenth century.
In postrevolutionary America, the autonomous individual was both the linchpin of a young nation and a threat to the founders’ vision of ordered liberty. Conceiving of self-government as a psychological as well as a political project, jurists built a republic of laws upon the Enlightenment science of the mind with the aim of producing a responsible citizenry. Susanna Blumenthal probes the assumptions and consequences of this undertaking, revealing how ideas about consciousness, agency, and accountability have shaped American jurisprudence. Focusing on everyday adjudication, Blumenthal shows that mental soundness was routinely disputed in civil as well as criminal cases. Litigants presented conflicting religious, philosophical, and medical understandings of the self, intensifying fears of a populace maddened by too much liberty. Judges struggled to reconcile common sense notions of rationality with novel scientific concepts that suggested deviant behavior might result from disease rather than conscious choice. Determining the threshold of competence was especially vexing in litigation among family members that raised profound questions about the interconnections between love and consent. This body of law coalesced into a jurisprudence of insanity, which also illuminates the position of those to whom the insane were compared, particularly children, married women, and slaves. Over time, the liberties of the eccentric expanded as jurists came to recognize the diversity of beliefs held by otherwise reasonable persons. In calling attention to the problematic relationship between consciousness and liability, Law and the Modern Mind casts new light on the meanings of freedom in the formative era of American law.
"Development is not a purely economic phenomenon; it also has a strong sociological element. The Many Faces of Socioeconomic Change explores how economic socio-cultural and political aspects of human progress have been studied since the time of Adam Smith. Surveying narratives of how development occurs, from early evolutionary models to recent types of development theory, it outlines the main long-term changes in how socioeconomic development has been envisaged through time. With a broad scope of content and clear exposition of academic thinking, The Many Faces of Socioeconomic Change guides the reader through the way in which the policy adopted as a consequence of modern theories has been less effective because of the neglect or a misunderstanding of the social context within which they operate. It tracks the progress of socioeconomic development from its roots in the Enlightenment and mid-Victorian thinking through to the narrowing scope of economically based strategies in the mid-twentieth century, and the disconnected results of research methods used today."--
This Encyclopedia is the definitive reference to the history and beliefs that continue to exert a profound influence on Western thought.