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Essays by leading scholars present a novel and systematic analysis of the economic difficulties confronting the United States.

The U.S. Trade Deficit

United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade

Published: 2000

Total Pages: 136


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Destined to become the standard guide to the economic policy of the United States during the Reagan era, this book provides an authoritative record of the economic reforms of the 1980s. In his introduction, Martin Feldstein provides compelling analysis of policies with which he was closely involved as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers during the Reagan administration: monetary and exchange rate policy, tax policy, and budget issues. Other leading economists and policymakers examine a variety of domestic and international issues, including monetary and exchange rate policy, regulation and antitrust, as well as trade, tax, and budget policies. The contributors to this volume are Alberto Alesina, Phillip Areeda, Elizabeth Bailey, William F. Baxter, C. Fred Bergsten, James Burnley, Geoffrey Carliner, Christopher DeMuth, Douglas W. Elmendorf, Thomas O. Enders, Martin Feldstein, Jeffrey A. Frankel, Don Fullerton, William M. Isaac, Paul L Joskow, Paul Krugman, Robert E. Litan, Russell B. Long, Michael Mussa, William A. Niskanen, Roger G. Noll, Lionel H. Olmer, Rudolph Penner, William Poole, James M. Poterba, Harry M. Reasoner, William R. Rhodes, J. David Richardson, Charles Schultze, Paula Stern, David Stockman, William Taylor, James Tobin, W. Kip Viscusi, Paul A. Volcker, Charles E. Walker, David A. Wise, and Richard G. Woodbury.
Debt is an important form of financing economic development, especially external debt is in the form of foreign exchange inflows. Exports may not bring in the necessary amount of foreign exchange needed for more imports, or foreign direct investment may not be sufficient for rapid economic development. Debt may bring in benefits/profits or may become a problem of liquidity or solvency. Debt is profitable when its usage brings in discounted streams of rates of return greater than its discounted streams of costs. Illiquidity is a short-run inadequacy of foreign exchange whereas solvency is a long-run problem in the same respect. Debt crisis - a long run solvency problem - refers to a situation where a country or a region undergo rescheduling; i.e. postponement of interest and principal repayments as a result of inability to repay debt. Rescheduling occurs often through the process of negotiations between debtors and creditors. A country can also declare a moratorium which is more severe because it means repayments of interest or both interest and principal are stopped temporarily until creditors agree to negotiate. The 1980s marked a decade where there were developing country-wide debt problem. The nature of debt problem broadly differ among regions. The Latin American countries went into debt crisis due to excessive borrowings in the international credit markets including the Euro-currency market. The debt crisis in the African region predates that of the Latin Americans due to scarcity of foreign exchange earnings via exports. The ASEAN region has lesser debt problems of illiquidity in nature, thus perceived as creditworthy by over-viewers, facilitating more capital inflows in either the form of foreign investment or foreign debt.
Collected here are wide-ranging contributions to economics in general, and to post-Keynesian economics in particular by leading economists.
This study documents evidence of a decline trend in the international competitiveness of US industry. The analysis identifies three groups of countries that account for most of the US trade deficit in the 1980s: the surplus countries, Germany and Japan; the East Asian NICs; and the Latin American debtors. In each case the author points to underlying structural problems contributing to the deficit. They call for quite different US policy responses, including microeconomic and industrial policies, incentives to revive productivity, growth and technological innovation, import surcharges, wage increases in the NICs, currency realignments, US capital exports, and debt relief. A pragmatic policy approach, with efforts to open foreign markets, aims to achieve the greatest possible reduction in the trade deficit with the lowest possible cost from macroeconomic adjustments. The author urges the reversal of two adverse trends in his policy strategy: the decline in public sector investment and the decreasing progressivity of the tax code.
The essays in this volume are timelyand provocative. They address the key issues of the changing world economy and consider the implications ofthe erosion ofthe rule oflaw that has occurred both domestically and internationally to an increasing degree over the past halfcentury. The debates over the role of the dollar in the international econ omy, the future shape ofthe international monetary system and the exchange rate regime, the significance ofthe U.S. twin deficits, and the rise of nontariffbarriers to world trade deserve serious attention. Atthe bottom ofthese debates lie differing conceptions ofeconomic policy and the role of government in a free society. Adam Smith's vision ofa limited democracy operating to protect persons and prop erty has been increasinglyreplaced by a vision ofapaternalistic state that is designed to protect special interests at the expense of the larger society. Many of the contributors to this volume point to the lack oflong-run rules designed to promote sound money, fiscal integ rity, and open markets asthe fundamental flawofmodern democratic governments. Although the authors disagree on the specific rules to adopt, the consensus is that a constitutional perspective is needed to ensure astable worldorder. Moreover, since such aperspective must bedeveloped at home before it can spread among nations, the search for optimal international policy coordination is generally seen as misguided. Many ofthe essays in this volume were initially presented at the Cato Institute's Sixth Annual Monetary Conference held in Wash ington, D.C., February 25-26, 1988.
This second edition explores how money 'works' in the modern economy and synthesises the key principles of Modern Money Theory, exploring macro accounting, currency regimes and exchange rates in both the USA and developing nations.