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This volume commemorates Theodor Herzl, the Viennese journalist and writer who, incongruously, founded Zionism as a political movement which led ultimately to the founding of the State of Israel. The contributors look at Herzl and seek to place him in historical context. In particular, they examine his relations with Viennese contemporaries, his use of his position as a prominent journalist to obtain audiences with world leaders, his negotiations with Germany and Britain to obtain a national territory for the Jews, and his attempts to analyze and reshape the Jewish character in his fictional writings.
How and why did this highly assimilated Austrol Hungarian journalist and playwright arrive at his Zionist "revelation" in Paris in 1895? What was the connection between the pre-Zionist Herzl and his subsequent meteoric career as leader of the movement for Jewish national redemption? The path-breaking original essays in this volume, especially written by foremost Herzl scholars worldwide, provide novel and at times surprising answers to these and many more questions.
"This Very Short Introduction discloses a history of Zionism from the origins of modern Jewish nationalism in the 1870's to the present. Michael Stanislawski provides a lucid and detached analysis of Zionism, focusing on its internal intellectual and ideological developments and divides"--
A biography of Theodore Herzl, the founding father of modern Zionism.
The first biography in almost a generation of the founder of modern political Zionism and in effect the State of Israel. Drawing extensively on his diaries as well as his published works, this intellectual biographical follows Herzl's transformation from a private person into the founder and leader of a political movement which made the quest for a Jewish state into a player in international politics. Contrary to the conventional view which saw the Dreyfus affair as the trigger for Herzl's loss of belief in the promise of Jewish emancipation, Avineri shows how it was the political crisis of the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg Empire, torn apart by contending national movements, which convinced Herzl of the need for a Jewish polity. In response to the wide resonance for his 1896 The Jewish State, Herzl convened the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897, which established the World Zionist Organization with its representative and elected institutions; this in turn became the foundation for Israel's democratic political system. In his efforts to gain international support for a Jewish state, Herzl met with the Ottoman Sultan, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, Pope Pius X, British, Russian and German ministers, as well as an enormous number of other government and public opinion leaders of most European countries. By the time of his early death in 1904 at the age of 44, Herzl succeeded in putting Zionism on the map of world politics, no longer an esoteric idea held by a small group of Jewish intellectuals in Eastern Europe.
The cause of 'Restoration' of the Jews to Zion first became a political force in the United States with the publication in 1891 of the 'Blackstone Memorial'. But the model for collaboration between Christian Restorationists and official Zionists was set by Theodor Herzl himself, and William Hechler, a British Restorationist pamphleteer, who was in fact the first of Herzl's followers to achieve audience for the Zionist leader with the Christian princes of the day. Thereafter, many significant friendships between Christian Zionists and official Zionists served to win the public mind and the cooperation of the politicians for actions that would lead to the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. The author searched Presidential archives, Jewish historical libraries, and official Zionist records in both the US and Israel for evidence of dealings between official Zionists and active Christian Restorationists. Much of this record appears in print for the first time in this book, and is here linked to the much better known story of the dealings of the official Zionists with the politicians and the elected leaders of Britain and the US. This story contains many lessons for students of American politics, foreign policy, and religion - fields that sometimes intersect in ways not readily conceded by scholars.