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This innovative collection extends the emerging field of stress biology to examine the effects of a substantial source of early-life stress: child abuse and neglect. Research findings across endocrinology, immunology, neuroscience, and genomics supply new insights into the psychological variables associated with adversity in children and its outcomes. These compelling interdisciplinary data add to a promising model of biological mechanisms involved in individual resilience amid chronic maltreatment and other trauma. At the same time, these results also open out distinctive new possibilities for serving vulnerable children and youth, focusing on preventing, intervening in, and potentially even reversing the effects of chronic early trauma. Included in the coverage: Biological embedding of child maltreatment Toward an adaptation-based approach to resilience Developmental traumatology: brain development and maltreated children with and without PTSD Childhood maltreatment and pediatric PTSD: abnormalities in threat neural circuitry An integrative temporal framework for psychological resilience The Biology of Early Life Stress is important reading for child maltreatment researchers; clinical psychologists; educators in counseling, psychology, trauma, and nursing; physicians; and state- and federal-level policymakers. Advocates, child and youth practitioners, and clinicians in general will find it a compelling resource.
There is now ample evidence from the preclinical and clinical fields that early life trauma has both dramatic and long-lasting effects on neurobiological systems and functions that are involved in different forms of psychopathology as well as on health in general. To date, a comprehensive review of the recent research on the effects of early and later life trauma is lacking. This book fills an obvious gap in academic and clinical literature by providing reviews which summarize and synthesize these findings. Topics considered and discussed include the possible biological and neuropsychological effects of trauma at different epochs and their effect on health. This book will be essential reading for psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, mental health professionals, social workers, pediatricians and specialists in child development.
An examination of the link between Adverse Childhood Events (ACE's) and adult illnesses.
Stress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions is a brief and accessible examination of psychological stress and its psychophysiological relationships with cognition, emotions, brain functions, and the peripheral mechanisms by which the body is regulated. Updated throughout, the Third Edition covers two new and significant areas of emerging research: how our early life experiences alter key stress responsive systems at the level of gene expression; and what large, normal, and small stress responses may mean for our overall health and well-being.
The concept of stress pervades modern society, yet there exists no generally accepted definition or classification of stressful experience. This authoritative work is the first to analyze critically the entire range of research and theory on stress in animals and humans, from W.B. Cannon and H. Selye's earliest studies in the 1930s up to the present day. Herbert Weiner not only documents the many empirical and conceptual advances of recent years, but also produces a new definition of stress in organismal terms and provides a classification of the various kinds of stressful experience. Because Cannon and Selye's approaches emphasized physiological and medical aspects, the concept of stress soon became inextricably linked to unavoidable and often overwhelming agents such as injury and infection. Overlooked in the early accounts was that all organisms face many additional types of natural challenges and obstacles in their efforts to survive and reproduce: for example, they must fight or escape predators, replenish diminished food supplies, and anticipate, seasonal changes of climate. Weiner's survey of the literature shows that much progress has been made in understanding the effects of exposing animals to these kinds of naturally occurring stressful experiences and their varied outcomes. Under such conditions there appear patterns of integrated behavioral and physiological responses that are exquisitely attuned to the experience. He carefully assesses the research on the ways in which neural circuits and peptidergic mechanisms in the brain generate and integrate these patterns. In addition, he presents new concepts about the perturbation of subsystems, including biological clocks, which may, or may not, lead to disease or ill-health. Perturbing the Organism is the first book to analyze in detail the relevant research in experimental psychology, psychiatry, medicine, endocrinology, immunology, and psychoneuroimmunology to provide a useful, integrative concept of stress--one that is rooted in an understanding of the organism as an interactive communication system composed of many subsystems. It will interest a wide range of clinicians and researchers throughout the medical and behavioral sciences.
Adolescenceâ€"beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€"is a critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop. These changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity mark adolescence as a period of opportunity to discover new vistas, to form relationships with peers and adults, and to explore one's developing identity. It is also a period of resilience that can ameliorate childhood setbacks and set the stage for a thriving trajectory over the life course. Because adolescents comprise nearly one-fourth of the entire U.S. population, the nation needs policies and practices that will better leverage these developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescenceâ€"rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish.
Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to methods for unraveling the extraordinary complexity of neuronal connectivity. From the perspective of graph theory and network science, this book introduces, motivates and explains techniques for modeling brain networks as graphs of nodes connected by edges, and covers a diverse array of measures for quantifying their topological and spatial organization. It builds intuition for key concepts and methods by illustrating how they can be practically applied in diverse areas of neuroscience, ranging from the analysis of synaptic networks in the nematode worm to the characterization of large-scale human brain networks constructed with magnetic resonance imaging. This text is ideally suited to neuroscientists wanting to develop expertise in the rapidly developing field of neural connectomics, and to physical and computational scientists wanting to understand how these quantitative methods can be used to understand brain organization. Winner of the 2017 PROSE Award in Biomedicine & Neuroscience and the 2017 British Medical Association (BMA) Award in Neurology Extensively illustrated throughout by graphical representations of key mathematical concepts and their practical applications to analyses of nervous systems Comprehensively covers graph theoretical analyses of structural and functional brain networks, from microscopic to macroscopic scales, using examples based on a wide variety of experimental methods in neuroscience Designed to inform and empower scientists at all levels of experience, and from any specialist background, wanting to use modern methods of network science to understand the organization of the brain
The data presented in the following chapters of this dissertation are meant to address how psychological and physiological stressors alter the retrotransposon, Line1, and how these changes may relate to behavioral outcomes with specific focus on biological sex as a covariate. A number of psychiatric disorders display a sex bias with women more often diagnosed with depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while men are more often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse. Therefore, we hypothesized that early life stress would impact neonatal and juvenile development and that these changes may be dependent on biological sex (Chapter I). Specifically, we asked how exposure to stressful experiences early in life alters Line1 activity within the developing brain and if these adverse experiences resulted in altered Line1 DNA copy number within the genome. Line1 is a retrotransposon that has the ability to self-replicate via reverse transcription and insert itself into DNA, thereby increasing Line1 copy number throughout the genome. We present evidence that early life stress alters Line1 in a sex-specific manner in the neonatal hippocampus (Chapter II) suggesting that early life experiences have the propensity to affect Line1 activity altering the underlying genetic sequence. In Chapter III, we provide evidence that exposure to early life stress is capable of altering juvenile social behavior, indicating that early experiences have the propensity to affect long-lasting behavioral changes. Additionally, early life stress alters Line1 DNA copy number within the amygdala, consequently changing genetic sequences within this region during the juvenile stage of development. These data suggest that exposure to stressful experiences early in life has the capacity to alter genomic sequences within the brain in a region-specific manner, resulting in genomic heterogeneity. In Chapter IV, we then asked if a physiological stressor, binge alcohol consumption, alters Line1 activity. As preconception binge alcohol consumption has the capacity to influence social behavior of future offspring, we examined if Line1 is also altered in the offspring of parents that engaged in adolescent binge alcohol consumption. In addition, we examined how binge alcohol consumption influences Line1 activity in those offspring born from parents that engaged in adolescent alcohol consumption and if biological sex modified this response. We report that Line1 is altered in the offspring of parents that engaged in rapid alcohol intoxication during adolescence, and this response is influenced by biological sex. The data from this chapter suggest that some biological responses of engaging in adolescent alcohol consumption is transmitted to future offspring. As the frequency of Line1 retrotransposition is influenced by heterochromatin states, we then examined if early life stress alters the levels of topoisomerases, molecules implicated in modifying heterochromatin formation. In Chapter V, we find that experiencing stress early in life modifies some topoisomerases, proving a potential pathway by which early life stress can modify the activity of Line1 retrotransposition. Overall, our data demonstrates that psychological and physiological stressors alter Line1 activity and contributes to the idea that early life experiences have the capacity to reshape not only our epigenome but the underlying sequence as well.