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From the European revolutions of 1848 through the Italian independence movement, the American Civil War, and the French Commune, the era Albert Boime explores in this fourth volume of his epic series was, in a word, transformative. The period, which gave rise to such luminaries as Karl Marx and Charles Darwin, was also characterized by civic upheaval, quantum leaps in science and technology, and the increasing secularization of intellectual pursuits and ordinary life. In a sweeping narrative that adds critical depth to a key epoch in modern art’s history, Art in an Age of Civil Struggle shows how this turbulent social environment served as an incubator for the mid-nineteenth century’s most important artists and writers. Tracing the various movements of realism through the major metropolitan centers of Europe and America, Boime strikingly evokes the milieus that shaped the lives and works of Gustave Courbet, Edouard Manet, Émile Zola, Honoré Daumier, Walt Whitman, Abraham Lincoln, and the earliest photographers, among countless others. In doing so, he spearheads a powerful new way of reassessing how art emerges from the welter of cultural and political events and the artist’s struggle to interpret his surroundings. Boime supports this multifaceted approach with a wealth of illustrations and written sources that demonstrate the intimate links between visual culture and social change. Culminating at the transition to impressionism, Art in an Age of Civil Struggle makes historical sense of a movement that paved the way for avant-garde aesthetics and, more broadly, of how a particular style emerges at a particular moment.
The Parish Church has not only played a significant part in the life of Leeds, it captures within it the history of the great events and people who together have shaped that city through the centuries. Hundreds of monuments and memorials dating from the Middle Ages to the present day encrust its walls and floors, telling as they do, the part Leeds people have played in that story. Here we see memorials to members of the Leeds Volunteers, formed to offset Napoleon's threatened invasion, and to the men from the city who fought in the Crimea, in South Africa and in two World Wars. Here also we find tributes to hundreds of local men, women and children who lived out their lives in the town; some now forgotten, others nationally famous, like Richard Oastler the 'Factory King'. Now for the first time, those memorials have been captured in Margaret Pullan's pioneering publication, the product of years of devoted research. The range of information offered includes records of births, marriages, and deaths, full inscriptions, background histories explaining why the deceased were buried in the Parish Church and the artistic merits of their tombs. Architectural, ecclesiastical and local historians will find this an invaluable contribution in their respective fields of work whilst the general public will find it gives a fascinating view of the people of Leeds who lived through the years as the old town grew into a major city.