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Occasional Paper No.2, Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba.
Despite the long human history of the Canadian central arctic, there is still little historical writing on the Inuit peoples of this vast region. Although archaeologists and anthropologists have studied ancient and contemporary Inuit societies, the Inuit world in the crucial period from the 16th to the 20th centuries remains largely undescribed and unexplained. In Order to Live Untroubled helps fill this 400-year gap by providing the first, broad, historical survey of the Inuit peoples of the central arctic.Drawing on a wide array of eyewitness accounts, journals, oral sources, and findings from material culture and other disciplines, historian Renee Fossett explains how different Inuit societies developed strategies and adaptations for survival to deal with the challenges of their physical and social environments over the centuries. In Order to Live Untroubled examines how and why Inuit created their cultural institutions before they came under the pervasive influence of Euro-Canadian society. This fascinating account of Inuit encounters with explorers, fur traders, and other Aboriginal peoples is a rich and detailed glimpse into a long-hidden historical world.
Qeqertasussuk and Qajaa are the only known sites of the Early Arctic Small Tool tradition in the Eastern Arctic, where all kinds of organic materials - wood, bone, baleen, hair, skin - are preserved in permafrozen culture layers. Together, the sites cover the entire Saqqaq era in Greenland (c. 2400-900 BC). Technological and contextual analyses of the excellently preserved archaeological materials from the frozen layers form the core of this publication. Bjarne Grønnow draws a new picture of a true Arctic pioneer society with a remarkably complex technology. The Saqqaq hunting tool kit, consisting of bows, darts, lances, harpoons, and throwing boards as well as kayak-like sea-going vessels, is described for the first time. A wide variety of hand tools and household utensils as well as lithic and organic refuse and animal bones were found on the intact floor of a midpassage dwelling at Qeqertasussuk. These materials provide entirely new information on the daily life and subsistence of the earliest hunting groups in Greenland. Comparative studies put the Saqqaq Culture into a broad cultural-historical perspective as one of the pioneer societies of the Eastern Arctic.
The discrete band/discrete herd association is used to explore 8,000 years of barrenland prehistory at the Migod site, west-central Keewatin District, Northwest Territories The association appears applicable in the four traditions represented ─ Agate Basin, Shield Archaic, Pre-Dorset and Taltheilei.
Much has been written about the history and the people of northern Manitoba, but until now this body of work has not been readily accessible to the researcher or teacher. This bibliography identifies published sources, such as books and magazine and journal articles, as well as unpublished sources that are available to the public, including academic theses and government pamphlets, reports, and studies. It includes primarily materials dealing with the area north of 53rd parallel of latitude, but it also includes material on the area east of Lake Winnipeg as far south as the 51st parallel, a region that is similar to the North. References are listed under seven topics: bibliographies and research aids; the fur trade; Aboriginal and Métis populations; exploration and travel accounts; church and mission histories; northern geography and resources; and community histories and twentieth century resource exploitation.
A study of technology, subsistence and settlement patterns of the late Pre-Dorset people who occupied a large coastal site near Churchill, Manitoba around 3,000 years ago.
The results of investigations of copper technology and sources of copper of the prehistoric inhabitants of the North American Arctic and Subarctic are described. A total of 342 artifacts were examined from Arctic Small Tool tradition, Thule, Historic Eskimo, Chipewyan, Kutchin, and Ahtna contexts. Part 1 contains an analysis of copper composition, primarily by the neutron activation method, and a description of prehistoric manufacturing techniques. Part II is an annotated bibliography of metal occurrences in the north.
Volume two examines such developments as the replacement of the earlier spearthrower by the bow and arrow, the introduction of pottery from the south, the importance of communal hunting of bison on the Plains, and the appearance of ranked societies on the West Coast.
An expanded and revised compilation of Canadian archaeological radiocarbon dates including those of the first publication in 1969 to the spring of 1976. Sites are arranged alphabetically by province or territory. An index of Borden Site Designation System numbers is provided.
Examination of a multi-component caribou crossing site on the Thelon River, Keewatin District reveals a series of sequential occupations by different cultural and linguistic groups consisting of Algonkian-speakers (Shield Archaic tradition), followed by Eskimo-speakers (Arctic Small Tool tradition), followed by Athabascan–speakers (Taltheilei Shale tradition), followed by Eskimo-speakers (historic Caribou Eskimos).