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Thermal plasma has been applied to the melting of high-value metal fines for some time; only recently was attention given to the use of this technology for the melting of materials of lower value. Typically, these materials arise on ferro-alloy plants as the undersize when brittle alloys are crushed and then screened to the customer's size requirement. Because of their physical properties, these fines are not usually suitable for remelting in conventional furnaces. Promising results were obtained by the Council for Mineral Technology in experimental campaigns on the remelting of ferrochromium, ferromanganese, and silicon fines in transferred-arc plasma furnaces. The results of some of the tests are discussed. Directly reduced iron can be regarded as a form of metal fines and, as such, should be amenable to processing in a transferred-arc plasma furnace. A strong case is made for the use of plasma technology for that purpose, although the scale of operation will be limited at present owing to the current state-of-development of the art. Although transferred- arc plasma systems offer many advantages, there are problems associated with the technique, and possible solutions to some of these problems are presented.
This book shows how to prepare titania rich slag from metallized ilmenite using thermal plasma processing. The author reveals the development of a thermal plasma process alternative to the current used ones, which are highly energy costly. The appropriate design of the plasma reactor, which is crucial for achieving reduced energy consumption, is described in this book. The content can be of interest for industrial purposes.
Increasingly stringent environmental regulations and industry adoption of waste minimization guidelines have thus, stimulated the need for the development of recycling and reuse options for metal related waste. This book, therefore, gives an overview of the waste generation, recycle and reuse along the mining, beneficiation, extraction, manufacturing and post-consumer value chain. This book reviews current status and future trends in the recycling and reuse of mineral and metal waste and also details the policy and legislation regarding the waste management, health and environmental impacts in the mining, beneficiation, metal extraction and manufacturing processes. This book is a useful reference for engineers and researchers in industry, policymakers and legislators in governance, and academics on the current status and future trends in the recycling and reuse of mineral and metal waste. Some of the key features of the book are as follows: Holistic approach to waste generation, recycling and reuse along the minerals and metals extraction. Detailed overview of metallurgical waste generation. Practical examples with complete flow sheets, techniques and interventions on waste management. Integrates the technical issues related to efficient resources utilization with the policy and regulatory framework. Novel approach to addressing future commodity shortages.
This authoritative reference presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of plasma science and technology fundamentals over the past five decades. One of this field’s principal challenges has been its multidisciplinary nature requiring coverage of fundamental plasma physics in plasma generation, transport phenomena under high-temperature conditions, involving momentum, heat and mass transfer, and high-temperature reaction kinetics, as well as fundamentals of material science under extreme conditions. The book is structured in five distinct parts, which are presented in a reader-friendly format allowing for detailed coverage of the science base and engineering aspects of the technology including plasma generation, mathematical modeling, diagnostics, and industrial applications of thermal plasma technology. This book is an essential resource for practicing engineers, research scientists, and graduate students working in the field.
Written by a university lecturer with more than forty years experience in plasma technology, this book adopts a didactic approach in its coverage of the theory, engineering and applications of technological plasmas. The theory is developed in a unified way to enable brevity and clarity, providing readers with the necessary background to assess the factors that affect the behavior of plasmas under different operating conditions. The major part of the book is devoted to the applications of plasma technology and their accompanying engineering aspects, classified by the various pressure and density regimes at which plasmas can be produced. Two chapters on plasma power supplies round off the book. With its broad range of topics, from low to high pressure plasmas, from characterization to modeling, and from materials to components, this is suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and professionals in the field.
Although a considerable amount of information concerning the applications for arc plasmas in the materials sciences is available, it is contained in literally thousands of separate manuals, technical notes, textbooks, and government and industrial reports. Each source generally deals with only one specific application or, at best, a narrow range of utilization. This book was developed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of information in the technology of arc plasma utilization. The book is divided into two general categories: flame spraying and materials evaluation. In the flame spraying section a comprehensive review of the plasma spraying process is presented. The design and operation of plasma spraying equipment are described. Included are a description of the nature of a plasma, and the design and operation of plasma generators, powder feed systems and accessory control equip ment. The general process procedures, and associated process variables are de scribed. Particular emphasis is given to the particle heating process and the mechanisms for adherence and cohesion of coatings. Competitive flame spraying equipment is also detailed (combustion process, detonation and electric arc) and compared with the plasma spray process. A discussion and compilation of flame sprayed ceramic and metal materials, their properties and applications are also included.
This investigation was concerned with the experimental and theoretical study of the interaction of a transferred arc plasma jet with a metal block onto which this jet impinges. Problems of this type are of interest in plasma arc remelting processes and also in welding. The study had both experimental and analytical (mathematical) modelling components. The experimental work involved the construction of an apparatus which is essence consisted of a 20 kW plasma jet impinging onto a hemispherical steel block of 200 mm diameter. The experiment measured the voltage, the current, the plasma gas flow rate and the evolution of the temperature fields as the metal block was heated up and partially melted.