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The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete ́s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance. The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.
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BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation is common in obesity and is a key risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. In vitro and animal studies suggest that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory functions, which are thought to occur via inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NFu03baB) pathway. However, existing clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation are limited by short durations, low doses of vitamin D, and variability in participantsu2019 vitamin D deficiency status, and no previous trials have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on NFu03baB activity in vivo in humans. AIMS: We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation, provided in a sufficient dose and duration to vitamin D-deficient individuals, would improve plasma inflammatory markers as well as reduce NFu03baB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), compared to placebo.METHODS: Sixty-five overweight or obese (body mass index (BMI)u2265 25 kg/m2), vitamin D-deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)u2264 50 nmol/l) adults were randomized to either a bolus oral dose of 100,000 IU followed by 4,000 IU daily of cholecalciferol, or matching placebo for 16 weeks. Before and after intervention, we measured anthropometry: BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and % body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (chemiluminescent immunoassays); plasma inflammatory markers: high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; rate turbidimetry), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-u03b1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukins (IL)-1u03b2, -6, -8, -10, -12, -18, -23 and -33 (multiplex assay; flow cytometry); and NFu03baB activity in PBMCs (DNA-binding assays). Questionnaires were used to collect data on sun exposure habits and dietary vitamin D intake (3-day food record).RESULTS: Fifty-four participants completed the study (35 males/ 19 females; age= 31.9 u00b1 8.5 years; BMI= 30.9 u00b1 4.4 kg/m2 (mean u00b1 SD)). There were no differences in demographic, anthropometric, or biochemical parameters between vitamin D and placebo groups at baseline. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased with vitamin D supplementation compared with placebo (57.0 u00b1 21.3 versus 1.9 u00b1 15.1 nmol/l, p
This book reviews and examines the novel findings regarding anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the authors discuss to what extend the exercise induced anti-inflammatory response may play a therapeutic role in chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidences for the anti-inflammatory healthy effects of regular continuous exercise are presented in this book.
BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation is common in obesity and related chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D has been proposed to have anti-inflammatory properties; however the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been established. AIM: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers compared to placebo or usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to identify relevant knowledge gaps. METHODS: Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE and All EBM were systematically searched (from inception to 25 January 2017) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients. Two independent reviewers screened all full text articles (no date or language limits) for RCTs of vitamin D supplementation (any form, route, duration, and co-supplementation) compared to placebo or usual care on all inflammatory marker outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (on any treatment regimen and with or without comorbidities). Meta-analyses and meta-regression were conducted using random-effects models to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95%CIs. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias and quality using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach.RESULTS: Twenty-nine RCTs (n=1,780) met the inclusion criteria, 20 of which had available data for pooling. In meta-analyses of 20 RCTs (n=1,270), vitamin D-supplemented groups had lower follow-up levels of C-reactive protein (SMD: -0.23 mg/L (-0.37,-0.09); p=0.002), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (SMD: -0.49 pg/ml (-0.84,-0.15); p=0.005), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (SMD: -0.47 mm/hr (-0.89,-0.05); p=0.03), and higher levels of leptin (SMD: 0.42 u00b5g/L (0.04, 0.81); p=0.03), compared to placebo. No differences were observed for adiponectin, interleukin-6, or E-selectin (all p>0.05). In meta-regression and subgroup analyses, age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, baseline vitamin D status, and supplementation dose and duration did not alter the results. There was no evidence of heterogeneity (p>0.1) or publication bias (p>0.1) and most studies were low to moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis provides level one evidence that vitamin D supplementation may improve chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further studies are needed to establish whether improved inflammation following vitamin D supplementation would translate into improved health outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42016047755.