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The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete ́s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance. The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.
This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Designed to help readers understand and evaluate the relationship between exercise, immune function and infection risk, this book presents evidence for the "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk. It also describes the components of the human immune system and key functions that protect the body from disease, the impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function, and practical guidelines for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. Further chapters explore different ways of measuring immune function, as well as the effects of heavy training on innate and specific (acquired) immunity, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition. Connections between exercise, infection risk, and immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) are also addressed. Authored by a team of highly experienced experts. The "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk is described, backed by current research and evidence. Components of the immune system and normal immune function are explained in detail, as well as methods for measuring immune function. The impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function is presented, along with suggestions for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. The effects of heavy training, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition are discussed with regard to their impact on innate and specific (acquired) immunity. Immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) is also addressed, exploring links between exercise and infection risk in these groups. Evidence-based coverage includes a list of references in each chapter, as well as suggestions for further reading that direct readers to important texts and review articles. Information is presented in an easily accessible format, following a logical progression of material. LEach chapter begins with a list of learning objectives and ends with a list of key points to reinforce learning. A glossary at the end of the book defines all key terms and abbreviations.
Exercise immunology is an important, emerging sub-discipline within exercise physiology, concerned with the relationship between exercise, immune function and infection risk. This book offers a comprehensive, up-to-date and evidence-based introduction to exercise immunology, including the physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine immune function and the implications for health and performance in sport and everyday life. Written by a team of leading exercise physiologists, the book describes the characteristics of the immune system and how its components are organised to form an immune response. It explains the physiological basis of the relationship between stress, physical activity, immune function and infection risk, and identifies the ways in which exercise and nutrition interact with immune function in athletes and non-athletes. The book shows students how to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the evidence linking physical activity, immune system integrity and health, and explains why exercise is associated with anti-inflammatory effects that are potentially beneficial to long-term health. Every chapter includes useful features, such as clear summaries, definitions of key terms, discussions of seminal research studies and practical guidelines for athletes on ways to minimise infection risk, with additional learning resources available on a companion website. This is an essential textbook for any course on exercise immunology or advanced exercise physiology.
Chronic consumption of a diet high in saturated fat (HFD) combined with a sedentary lifestyle has led to the obesity epidemic and its associated metabolic complications. At the heart of the metabolic aberrations that lead to obesity-associated diseases is inflammation that occurs in the visceral white adipose tissue (WAT). Reducing WAT inflammation, even in the absence of body weight changes, improves the metabolic consequences of obesity, highlighting the importance of the physiology of the WAT in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Exercise (EX) has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation, and this effect may be mediated by an EX-associated reduction in WAT inflammation. The overarching hypothesis of this work was that EX lowers inflammation in the visceral WAT as well as in the periphery, and that the mechanism involves, but is not fully explained by, a reduction in visceral WAT. This hypothesis was tested using one human intervention trial and two animal studies. In the first study, previously sedentary older adults participated in 10 months of cardiovascular (Cardio) or non-cardiovascular (Flex) EX. Cardio experienced significant improvements in fitness, systemic inflammation (as measured by serum C-reactive protein, CRP), as well as total and central (i.e., trunk) fat. Only the decrease in trunk fat was significantly related to the reduction in CRP, suggesting that the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory effect of EX may involve a reduction in visceral WAT. In the second study, Balb/c mice were fed an HFD for 12 wks and then were randomized to 1 of 4 groups where they either remained on HFD and sedentary (HFSED), were exercise trained (HFEX), switched to an LFD (LFSED), or switched to an LFD and exercise trained (HFEX) for 12 wks. LFD and EX had differential effects on WAT gene transcription (MCP-1, F4/80, IL1ra), IR, and HS. In the final animal study, C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD for 6 wks and then were randomized to HFSED, HFEX, LFSED, or LFEX for a 6 or a 12-wk intervention. EX and LFD both decreased weight gain and relative body fat, although LFD had a more robust effect than EX. Reductions in visceral WAT explained the decreases in WAT inflammation, IR, and HS seen at 6 wks. However, by 12 wks, unique independent effects of EX and LFD emerged such that both treatments reduced WAT inflammation and metabolic complications. WAT macrophage infiltration was the most important independent predictor of IR whereas visceral fat mass most strongly predicted HS. In summary, there are unique metabolic consequences of a sedentary lifestyle and chronic consumption of an HFD. Both LFD and EX are critically important behavioral strategies to improve WAT health and whole body metabolic function.