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Farmers in the Forest, while using examples chiefly from northern Thailand, is concerned with complex problems found in all tropical countries. In these areas rapid population growth, increasing demands for food, and burgeoning international markets for forest products and other raw materials are associated with active competition for land and natural resources in upland areas. This book brings together studies by administrators, agronomists, anthropologists, forest ecologists, geographers and jurists, who describe a variety of swidden systems and their effect on soil, forest, society, and economy. They point to conflicts between traditional farming systems and modern legal and administrative constraints now being imposed, and they describe special and technological conditions that contribute to a marginal, stagnant upland economy, increasing socio-economic disparities with the lowlands, and the serious ecological consequences of these conditions. Several possible solutions are suggested to solve these problems.
Problems of measurement; Growth of the rural sector; Analysis of crops: rice, rubber and kenaf; Analysis of crops: other crops.
Written by an international panel of specialists on Thailand who share a common concern for the environment, this volume examines the causes and consequences of environment change both in the countryside and the urban areas of the Kingdom. The papers, however, in no sense reflect a common view; the authors embrace contrasting environmental ideologies in discussing a wide range of concerns. These include the role of Buddhism and tourism in promoting sustainable development, environmental systems of thought and action, the practicalities of water pollution control in Bangkok and the Gulf of Thailand, and the changing bases of life and livelihood among the hill peoples of the North. The environment as an issue of concern is now important phase of assimilation, interpretation, prescription and action. The papers in this volume reflect this change.
This study takes a look at government aid to agriculture in Thailand and attempts to analyze its effectiveness. Only two crops have been aided directly by the government, rice and rubber, though others have undoubtedly benefitted by improvements in the country's infrastructure. The regressions performed on some simple production functions indicate that rice yields have been improved through government programs. The program for rubber largely a subsidy for new plantings, ha as yet not had much impact on yields. This may be due to the fact that the pay-off period is at least seven years. There is also some evidence that maize yields have improved through the opening of new lands by highway and rail. The rest of agriculture in Thailand still largely relies on nature and the Gods to determine output. It may well be true for a change.
The mainstream agri-food system in Thailand has been shaped to aid capital accumulation by domestic and transnational hegemonic forces, and is currently sustained through hegemonic agri-food production-distribution, governance structures and ideational order. However, sustainable agriculture and land reform movements have to certain extents managed to offer alternatives. This book adopts a neo-Marxist and Gramscian approach to studying the political economy of the agricultural and food system in Thailand (1990-2014). The author argues that hegemonic forces have many measures to co-opt dissent into hegemonic structures, and that counter-hegemony should be seen as an ongoing process over a long period of time where predominantly counter-hegemonic forces, constrained by political economic structural conditions, may at times retain some hegemonic elements. Contrary to what some academic studies suggest, the author argues that localist-inspired social movements in Thailand are not insular and anti-globalisation. Instead, they are selective in fostering collaborations and globalisation based on values such as sustainability, fairness and partnership. Providing new perspectives on polarised politics in Thailand, particularly how cross-class alliances can further or frustrate counter-hegemonic movements, the book points to the importance of analysing social movements in relation to established political authority. It will be of interest to academics in the field of Politics and International Relations, Sociology, Development Studies and Asian Studies.