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Abstract: While there are several instruments that have been developed to measure hope in adults, adolescents, and children, little research has been done with culturally specific instruments in regards to the construct of hope. As hope is a construct whose definition appears to vary across cultures with different emphasis placed on such things as faith, individualism, and success, it follows that instruments to measure hope should be attuned to those cultural nuances. The African American Adolescent Hope Scale (AAAHS; Moore, 1998) was developed specifically to measure hope in African American adolescents. The instrument was designed with content that was thought to be specific to the culture, needs and environment of the African American adolescent. This study examined the factor structure and reliabilities of the AAAHS, the Hope Scale (Snyder, Harris, et al., 1991), a popular measure of the construct of hope, and the Cultural Mistrust Inventory (CMI; Terrell & Terrell, 1981), a measure of the presumably related construct of cultural mistrust. It was hypothesized that the AAAHS would show a significant positive correlation with the Hope Scale and would show a significant inverse correlation with the CMI. One hundred seventy-four African American college students completed an internet survey that included a revised version of the AAAHS, the Hope Scale, and the CMI. They were asked to answer questions regarding their beliefs, opinions, and attitudes about themselves, their culture, and African Americans. Principal components analysis yielded two-factor structures for the AAAHS and the Hope Scale, and a four-factor structure for the CMI. Full-scale and factor score internal consistency estimates demonstrated moderate to strong reliabilities for each measure. Consistent with hypothesized results, analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the AAAHS and the Hope Scale. A significant inverse relationship was found between the AAAHS and the CMI. Additional findings yielded no significant relationship between the Hope Scale and the CMI.
The goals of the Development and Validation of an African American Adolescent Hope Scale study (Moore, 1998) were: (1) to initiate the development of a psychometrically-sound instrument to measure hope in African American adolescents; and (2) to test its relative convergence with observational ratings of hope. The purpose of this study was (1) the refinement of the AAAHS (full-scale) through four shortening phases, and (2) the analysis of unutilized adolescent demographic data. The study showed that African American adolescents became more hopeful as their social and economic conditions improved and that they were less hopeful as their social problems increased. The revised scaled (AAAHS-R) now free of all race-specific and oppressor-specific items may have utility as a predictive measure of adolescent dysfunctional behaviors.
Hope has long been a topic of interest for psychologists, philosophers, educators, and physicians. In the past few decades, researchers from various disciplines and from around the world have studied how hope relates to superior academic performance, improved outcomes in the workplace, and improved psychological and physical health in individuals of all ages. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and the late Shane J. Lopez, The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides readers with a thorough and comprehensive update on the past 25 years of hope research while simultaneously providing an outline of what leading hope researchers believe the future of this line of research to be. In this extraordinary volume, Gallagher, Lopez, and their expert team of contributors discuss such topics as how best to define hope, how hope is distinguished from related philosophical and psychological constructs, what the current best practices are for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across a variety of settings, the impact it has on physical and mental health, and the ways in which hope promotes positive functioning. Throughout its pages, these experts review what is currently known about hope and identify the topics and questions that will help guide the next decade of research ahead.
Abstract: In 2001, African American minors comprised 30 percent of children living below the poverty threshold. High poverty environments tend to intensify feelings of hopelessness, powerlessness, depression, and high levels of stress among such youth. Yet, few studies have examined the perceptions of hope and hopelessness among poor African American adolescents. Furthermore, children and adolescents have not historically co-constructed research. This study explores the constructs of hope and hopelessness from the viewpoint of research participants utilizing photographs taken by research participants and in-depth interviews. The following questions guided the research study: a) How do low-income African American adolescents perceive and experience hope? b) How do low-income African American adolescents think about goals, future orientation and hope? c) How do low-income African American adolescents experience and perceive hopelessness? In-depth interviews were conducted and photographs representing hope and hopelessness were taken by 16 African American adolescents ages 13-17. Constant comparative analysis was employed to analyze interviews and photographs. Qualitative analysis software Nvivo9 was utilized to assist in data reduction and for the generation of themes across the data. The use of photovoice with such populations offers unique perspectives and allows for expression of sensitive topics. The analyses yielded important information about how hope and hopelessness are experienced and perceived in the everyday lives of the youth. Hope generated five themes including caring connections, spirituality, education, "basic needs," and "gonna make it mentality." Perceptions of hopelessness were connected to negative attitudes and beliefs, external constraints, negative behaviors, and deleterious environmental conditions. This study reshapes the constructs of hope and hopelessness beyond the cognitive process related to goal attainment. It provides specific factors that promote hope and factors that impinge upon hope in low-income African American adolescents. This study also gives new insight to culturally relevant ways in which hope is defined and maintained among African American adolescents. This study highlights the use of culturally sensitive research methods with populations that have been historically understudied and marginalized. Findings from the study provide important implications for social work practitioners, researchers, and educators in understanding the perceptions of children and adolescents.
"This book presents a series of insightful discussions centered around the concept of identity as the key to understanding how racial minorities define reality, experience changes in racial consciousness, and perceive themselves and the world around them. This volume brings together many influential thinkers, writers, scholars, and researchers who tell a story that is deeply embedded in American society and still unfolding. The chapters are concise, well written, and presented in a sequence that captures the power and vision of Clark's testimony, rationale, methodology, and subsequent discoveries, which have altered the landscape of psychology. This volume is a must read for laypeople, students and professionals from a range of disciplines including psychology, social work, law, theology, ethics, sociology, and American history who will be impressed by the power and scope of the deeply probing analyses. This volume examines the continuing reality of racism but takes us beyond conceptions of "damage" to illuminate the strengths and resilience of African American culture. In a fitting tribute to Kenneth B. Clark, the contributors treat the cultural and historical context of racial identity as essential for a psychological analysis"--Jacket. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)
Draws on research to offer strategies for adopting a high-hope attitude and shaping a successful future, and provides real-life examples of people who create hope and have changed the lives of their communities.
The second edition of the handbook reflects the expanding growth and sophistication in research on student engagement. Editorial scope and coverage are significantly expanded in the new edition, including numerous new chapters that address such topics as child and adolescent well-being, resilience, and social-emotional learning as well as extending student engagement into the realm of college attendance and persistence. In addition to its enhanced focus on student engagement as a means for promoting positive youth development, all original chapters have been extensively revised and updated, including those focusing on such foundational topics related to student engagement as motivation, measurement, high school dropout, school reform, and families. Key areas of coverage include: Demography and structural barriers to student engagement. Developmental and social contexts of student engagement. Student engagement and resilience. Engaging students through effective academic instruction and classroom management. Social-emotional learning and student mental health and physical well-being. Student engagement across the globe, languages, and cultures. The second edition of the Handbook of Research on Student Engagement is the definitive resource for researchers, scientist-practitioners and clinicians as well as graduate students in such varied fields as clinical child and school psychology, social work, public health, educational psychology, teaching and teacher education, educational policy, and all interrelated disciplines.
Hope has previously been a construct more of interest to philosophy and religion than in psychology. New research has shown, however, that hope is closely related to optimism, feelings of control, and motivation toward achieving one's goals. The Handbook of Hope presents a comprehensive overview of the psychological inquiry into hope, including its measurement, its development in children, how its loss is associated with specific clinical disorders, and therapeutic approaches that can help instill hope in those who have lost theirs. A final section discusses hope in occupational applications: how the use of hope can make one a better coach, teacher, or parent. - Defines hope as a construct and describes development of hope through the lifespan - Provides multiple instruments for measuring hope - Guides professionals in how to assess hope levels & implement hope as part of therapy - Relates hope to all portions of the population - Includes case studies, figures, and tables to aid understanding of research findings and concepts; discusses the importance of hope to relationships, achieving goals, and success at work