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Pathogenic bacteria have unique biological properties, which enable them to invade a host and cause sickness. The molecular bases of these biological properties are the determinants of pathogenicity, and the research objectives are to recognize them, identify them chemically and relate their structure to function. Most of our present knowledge comes from studies with cultures in vitro . However, there is a rising interest in bacterial behaviour in the infected host and new methods have been developed for studying it. This book describes those methods and shows how they, and a recent surge in conventional studies, are shedding light on the activities of bacterial pathogens in vivo . It discusses bacterial and host factors that operate in vivo to cause illness, showing how phenomena recognized in vitro relate to behaviour in vivo and, if evidence of relevance is not available now, indicating how it might be obtained. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1.1: Introduction (144 KB). Chapter 1.2: Questions about the Determinants of Bacterial Growth in Vivo (202 KB). Chapter 1.3: Questions about the Production in Vivo of Determinants of Mucosal Colonization, Penetration, Interference with Host Defence and Damage to the Host (179 KB). Chapter 1.4: Sialylation of Gonococcal Lps by Host CMP-NANA and Effect of Lactate: A Paradigm for Investigation of Behaviour in Vivo (191 KB). Chapter 1.5: Concluding Remarks (215 KB). Contents: Introduction: Questions about the Behaviour of Bacterial Pathogens In Vivo (H Smith); DNA Topology and Adaptation of Salmonella Typhimurium to an Intracellular Environment (D G Marshall et al.); New Methods for Studying Bacterial Behaviour In Vivo: The Pathogenesis of Shigella Flexneri Infection: Lessons from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies (D J Philpott et al.); Detection and Analysis of Gene Expression During Infection by In Vivo Expression Technology (D S Merrell & A Camilli); Measurement of Bacterial Gene Expression In Vivo (I Hautefort & J C D Hinton); Identification and Analysis of Bacterial Virulence Genes In Vivo (K E Unsworth & D W Holden); Salmonella Interactions with Host Cells: In Vitro to In Viv o (B B Finlay & J H Brumell); Impact of the New Methods: In Vivo Gene Expression and the Adaptive Response: From Pathogenesis to Vaccines and Antimicrobials (D M Heithoff et al.); Challenge of Investigating Biologically Relevant Functions of Virulence Factors in Bacterial Pathogens (R Moxon & C Tang); Virulence Gene Regulation Inside and Outside (V J DiRita et al.); Evidence for Operation In Vivo of Aspects of Pathogenicity Revealed by Recent Work In Vivo: Potential Use of New Methods: Quorum Sensing and the Population-Dependent Control of Virulence (P Williams et al.); Type III Secretion: A Bacterial Device for Close Combat with Cells of Their Eukaryotic Host (G R Cornelis); Evolution of Microbial Pathogens (J Morschhnuser et al.); The Immune Responses to Bacterial Antigens Encountered In Vivo at Mucosal Surfaces (G Dougan et al.). Readership: Graduate students and researchers in microbiology."
Every day many people suffer from intestinal diseases. These disorders can result from pathogens like bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, but the causes of non-infectious intestinal disorders and colorectal cancers remain to be elucidated. Disturbances to the normal gut flora (the microbiota) are central to the development of many, if not all, of these disorders. Disturbed gut microbiota is a prelude to public health issues like traveller’s-, antibiotic- and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancers. This book discusses the way intestinal disorders affect the microbiota, how the disturbed microbiotal balance leads to enteric disorders and the ways to prevent these disorders. Further his book explores the potential of probiotics (live microorganisms that when ingested bring a health benefit) in treating enteric disorders by analysing the probiotic genome through proteomics, metabolomics and functional assays. Discussed is how the ingestion of specific microorganisms repairs the disturbed microbiota and subsequently ameliorates enteric disorders. Finally this book addresses how genetic engineering and biotechnology will contribute to the development of effective and safe designer probiotics.
The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.
Infectious diseases account for a third of all deaths in the developing world, yet the pathogens which affect specifically these predominantly poor people attract little attention. Melioidosis is a case in point. This book describes the epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prevention of an important infection that is little known outside Southeast Asia and Australia.
Humans coexist with millions of harmless microorganisms, but emerging diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and the threat of bioterrorism are forcing scientists to look for new ways to confront the microbes that do pose a danger. This report identifies innovative approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines based on a greater understanding of how the human immune system interacts with both good and bad microbes. The report concludes that the development of a single superdrug to fight all infectious agents is unrealistic.
Sugar chains (glycans) are often attached to proteins and lipids and have multiple roles in the organization and function of all organisms. "Essentials of Glycobiology" describes their biogenesis and function and offers a useful gateway to the understanding of glycans.
Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials. and the interested public.
Almost all homes, apartments, and commercial buildings will experience leaks, flooding, or other forms of excessive indoor dampness at some point. Not only is excessive dampness a health problem by itself, it also contributes to several other potentially problematic types of situations. Molds and other microbial agents favor damp indoor environments, and excess moisture may initiate the release of chemical emissions from damaged building materials and furnishings. This new book from the Institute of Medicine examines the health impact of exposures resulting from damp indoor environments and offers recommendations for public health interventions. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health covers a broad range of topics. The book not only examines the relationship between damp or moldy indoor environments and adverse health outcomes but also discusses how and where buildings get wet, how dampness influences microbial growth and chemical emissions, ways to prevent and remediate dampness, and elements of a public health response to the issues. A comprehensive literature review finds sufficient evidence of an association between damp indoor environments and some upper respiratory tract symptoms, coughing, wheezing, and asthma symptoms in sensitized persons. This important book will be of interest to a wide-ranging audience of science, health, engineering, and building professionals, government officials, and members of the public.
Examining the enormous potential of microbiome manipulation to improve health Associations between the composition of the intestinal microbiome and many human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and cancer, have been elegantly described in the past decade. Now, whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and precision gene-editing techniques are being combined with centuries-old therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, to translate current research into new diagnostics and therapeutics to treat complex diseases. Bugs as Drugs provides a much-needed overview of microbes in therapies and will serve as an excellent resource for scientists and clinicians as they carry out research and clinical studies on investigating the roles the microbiota plays in health and disease. In Bugs as Drugs, editors Robert A. Britton and Patrice D. Cani have assembled a fascinating collection of reviews that chart the history, current efforts, and future prospects of using microorganisms to fight disease and improve health. Sections cover traditional uses of probiotics, next-generation microbial therapeutics, controlling infectious diseases, and indirect strategies for manipulating the host microbiome. Topics presented include: How well-established probiotics support and improve host health by improving the composition of the intestinal microbiota of the host and by modulating the host immune response. The use of gene editing and recombinant DNA techniques to create tailored probiotics and to characterize next-generation beneficial microbes. For example, engineering that improves the anti-inflammatory profile of probiotics can reduce the number of colonic polyps formed, and lactobacilli can be transformed into targeted delivery systems carrying therapeutic proteins or bioengineered bacteriophage. The association of specific microbiota composition with colorectal cancer, liver diseases, osteoporosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The gut microbiota has been proposed to serve as an organ involved in regulation of inflammation, immune function, and energy homeostasis. Fecal microbiota transplantation as a promising treatment for numerous diseases beyond C. difficile infection. Practical considerations for using fecal microbiota transplantation are provided, while it is acknowledged that more high-quality evidence is needed to ascertain the importance of strain specificity in positive treatment outcomes. Because systems biology approaches and synthetic engineering of microbes are now high-throughput and cost-effective, a much wider range of therapeutic possibilities can be explored and vetted. If you are looking for online access to the latest clinical microbiology content, please visit www.wiley.com/learn/clinmicronow.