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More than forty years elapsed between the Democratic Republic of Congo's democratic poll in 1960 upon gaining independence from Belgium and the country's constitutional referendum of 18-19 December 2005, in which 84% of the voters endorsed a new 229-article constitution. The referendum represented a major turning point for Africa's largest civil war, which claimed more than 3.5 million lives since 1998, left 3.4 million internally displaced, and forced 443,000 refugees into asylum in nine bordering nations. With the nation's sovereignty at stake and the transitional government's mandate expiring in June 2006, DR Congo's transitional President Joseph Kabila urged the populace to support the new constitution, warning that rejection of it would be "catastrophic." This paper examines the process of the constitutional referendum, from drafting the constitution to voter results, and discusses key issues related to refugees, women's political rights, and citizenship.
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 47. Chapters: Referendums in Algeria, Referendums in Botswana, Referendums in Burundi, Referendums in Chad, Referendums in Comoros, Referendums in Egypt, Referendums in Ethiopia, Referendums in Ghana, Referendums in Guinea, Referendums in Kenya, Referendums in Liberia, Referendums in Libya, Referendums in Madagascar, Referendums in Malawi, Referendums in Mayotte, Referendums in Niger, Referendums in Senegal, Referendums in Sierra Leone, Referendums in Somalia, Referendums in South Africa, Referendums in Sudan, Referendums in Swaziland, Referendums in Sao Tome and Principe, Referendums in Uganda, Referendums in Zimbabwe, Referendums in the Central African Republic, Referendums in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Referendums in the Gambia, Referendums in the Republic of the Congo, Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011, 2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2000, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010, Nigerien constitutional referendum, 2009, Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005, Southern Rhodesian sweepstakes referendum, 1934, South African apartheid referendum, 1992, Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2010, Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2005, Mahoran status referendum, 2009, Tricameral Parliament, Chadian constitutional referendum, 2005, South African republic referendum, 1960, Botswana judicial reform referendum, 2001, Algerian national reconciliation referendum, 2005, Somaliland constitutional referendum, 2001, Chadian constitutional referendum, 1996, Southern Rhodesian government referendum, 1922, Liberian constitutional referendum, 2011, Ugandan multi-party referendum, 2005, Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2007, Democratic Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2005, Guinean...
Over the past two decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo has been at the centre of the deadliest series of conflicts since the Second World War, and now hosts the largest United Nations peacekeeping mission in the world. In this compelling book, acclaimed journalist Michael Deibert paints a picture of a nation in flux, inching towards peace but at the same time solidifying into another era of authoritarian rule under its enigmatic president, Joseph Kabila. Featuring a wealth of first-hand interviews and secondary sources, the narrative travels from war-torn villages in the country's east to the chaotic, pulsing capital of Kinshasa in order to bring us the voices of the Congolese - from impoverished gold prospectors and market women to government officials - as it explores the complicated political, ethnic and economic geography of this tattered land. A must-read for anyone interested in contemporary Africa, The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between, Hope and Despair sheds new light on this sprawling and often misunderstood country that has become iconic both for its great potential and dashed hopes.
Congo Democratic Republic Country Study Guide - Strategic Information and Developments
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the largest and most populous country in Central Africa. Its history has been marred by almost continuous war, and the Congolese people have long suffered through political tumult. Largely covered in dense rain forests, the country, also known as Congo-Kinshasa, is traversed by the Congo River, a lifeline that transports Congolese merchants with barges filled with fruit, grains, and bushmeat to local villages. Allow your readers to explore the vibrant culture and lush landscape of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in this book, which features informative sidebars and engaging color photographs.
This volume focuses on constitutional ratification, the procedure in which a draft constitution is submitted by its creators to the people or their representatives in an up or down vote determining implementation. Ratification is increasingly common and routinely recommended by experts. Nonetheless, it is neither neutral nor inevitable. Constitutions can be made without it and when it is used it has significant effects. This raises the central question of the book: should ratification be recommended? Put another way: is there a reason for treating the procedure as a default for the constitution-making process? Surprisingly, these questions are rarely asked. The procedure's worth is assumed, not demonstrated, while ratification is generally overlooked in the literature. In fact, this is the first sustained study of ratification. To address these oversights, this book defines ratification and its types, explains the procedure's effects, conceptual origins, and history, and then concentrates on finding reasons for its use. Specifically, it builds up and analyzes the three most likely normative justifications. These urge the implementation of ratification because the procedure: enables the constituent power to make its constitution; fosters representation during constitution-making; or helps create a legitimate constitution. Ultimately, these justifications are found wanting, leading to the conclusion that ratification lacks a convincing, context-independent justification. Thus, until new arguments are developed, experts should not give recommendations for ratification as a matter of course, practitioners should not reach for it uncritically, and-more generally-one should avoid the blanket application of concepts from democratic theory to extraordinary contexts such as constitution-making.
2011 Updated Reprint. Updated Annually. Congo Democratic Republic Foreign Policy and Government Guide
This Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper on the Democratic Republic of Congo discusses economic policies and development. The macroeconomic and budget framework has been developed to take into account the effects of sectoral policies to maintain macroeconomic stability, a necessary condition for laying the foundation of economic growth and poverty reduction. It is based on the profile of public spending, the assessment of costs for achieving the Millennium Development Goals by 2020, and the sector-based economic growth theories taking into account the uncertainties of the international environment and the real potential of the Congolese economy. It is found that it allows for a realistic programming of public spending while highlighting the main budgetary choices proposed by the government.