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Many negative stereotypes of Muslims can be traced to the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe in the Middle Ages. Paula Sutter Fichtner explores here the particular dynamics between the Ottoman and Austrian Habsburg empires and chronicles the evolution of a political relationship that shifted from hatred to understanding. In the fourteenth century, Ottoman armies swept westward across the Danube Valley before confronting the Habsburgs, who ruled central and eastern Europe, and in Terror and Toleration, Fichtner charts the religious and political conflicts that fueled 300 years of war. She reveals how ruling powers in Vienna and the church spread propaganda about Muslims that still lingers today. But the Habsburgs dramatically reversed their attitudes toward Muslims in the seventeenth century, and through this story, Fichtner explains how one can recognize an enemy while adjusting one’s views about them. A fascinating read, Terror and Toleration sheds new light on the deep roots of the often contentious relationship between Islam and the West.
Many negative stereotypes of Muslims can be traced to the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe in the Middle Ages. Paula Sutter Fichtner explores here the particular dynamics between the Ottoman and Austrian Habsburg empires and chronic.
The war on terror cannot be truly understood without investigating the legitimacy of modernity, the challenge that religion presents to modernization, the inescapable conflicts attending the emergence and expansion of modernity, and the post-colonial predicament from which Islamist reaction arises. Richard Dien Winfield illuminates the war on terror in light of these issues, presenting an anti-foundationalist justification of the rationality and freedom of modernity, while assessing how religion can stand in opposition to modernity and why Islam has been a privileged vehicle of anti-modern religious revolt. Winfield shows that the privatization that religion must undergo to be compatible with modern freedom involves no capitulation to relativism, but rather is a theological imperative on which the truth of religion depends. Exposing the limits of any purely secular modernization of Islam, Winfield shows how Islam can draw upon its core tradition to repudiate the oppression of Islamist reaction and become at home in the modern world.
Many tolerance researchers suggest that political tolerance has increased considerably in America since the 1950s, while others suggest that trends of increasing tolerance may instead reflect the decline in relevance of many of the groups traditionally used in tolerance research. While most scholars agree that tolerant attitudes towards certain groups in American society have increased (i.e. domestic communists, atheists, homosexuals, etc.), there is some debate as to whether intolerance has been redirected towards other political groups or whether it has faded subsequent to the decline of communist influence and relevance. Data from a 2003 Student Opinion Survey at a public Midwest university (N=1,650), and the General Social Surveys, 1972-2006 [Cumulative File], are assessed to illustrate the need for new measures of intolerance in political tolerance research, as well as to demonstrate the increasing relevance of intolerant attitudes toward Islamist radicals in the post September 11, 2001 era. Due to the religio-political nature of Islamist ideology, the current research also explores the influence of predominant religious and political orientations in America upon issues of tolerance for Islamists, and other groups, whose ideology inspires them to justify and support acts of violence and terrorism.
Law review articles and p ...
When Abraham Lincoln ran for President in 1860 he was opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories. William H. Seward had warned of an 'irrepressible conflict.' A house divided against itself cannot stand," said Lincoln. "I believe the government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I expect it will cease to be divided." The threat today is the same--the extension of slavery into the territories with the United States one of the territories to be exploited. Islam is on the march . The world cannot exist half Muslim and half free. It will become one or the other. This is the Last Crusade. It is the one that must be won
In this book, Noel D. Johnson and Mark Koyama tackle the question: how does religious liberty develop?
Exploring the work of Locke, Mill and Rawls, and taking a closer look at contemporary debates, such as artistic freedom and holocaust denial, Catriona McKinnon presents an accessible introduction to toleration.
Tolerance is generally regarded as an unqualified achievement of the modern West. Emerging in early modern Europe to defuse violent religious conflict and reduce persecution, tolerance today is hailed as a key to decreasing conflict across a wide range of other dividing lines-- cultural, racial, ethnic, and sexual. But, as political theorist Wendy Brown argues in Regulating Aversion, tolerance also has dark and troubling undercurrents. Dislike, disapproval, and regulation lurk at the heart of tolerance. To tolerate is not to affirm but to conditionally allow what is unwanted or deviant. And, although presented as an alternative to violence, tolerance can play a part in justifying violence--dramatically so in the war in Iraq and the War on Terror. Wielded, especially since 9/11, as a way of distinguishing a civilized West from a barbaric Islam, tolerance is paradoxically underwriting Western imperialism. Brown's analysis of the history and contemporary life of tolerance reveals it in a startlingly unfamiliar guise. Heavy with norms and consolidating the dominance of the powerful, tolerance sustains the abjection of the tolerated and equates the intolerant with the barbaric. Examining the operation of tolerance in contexts as different as the War on Terror, campaigns for gay rights, and the Los Angeles Museum of Tolerance, Brown traces the operation of tolerance in contemporary struggles over identity, citizenship, and civilization.