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Technology roadmaps have proven to be a useful management tool for evaluating, planning and strategizing the development of complex technological projects. This publication is intended to provide Member States with a set of generic roadmaps which can be used in the deployment of small modular reactors. These roadmaps are based on the latest inputs from Member States currently pursuing this technology. The publication places emphasis on the activities of owners/operators who drive the demand and requirements for the reactor designs, the designers who develop the technologies, and the regulators who establish and maintain the regulatory requirements that owners/operators should meet. It also provides a methodology for developing a technology roadmap for reactors with longer development horizons and discusses emerging opportunities and challenges for this relatively new technology.
This publication explains how a reactor technology assessment is performed and how the process and its results enable decision making for nuclear power planning and implementation at each of its phases. The methodology has been revised to incorporate developments since the first edition in 2013 and includes feedback from comprehensive training workshops offered for the last six years to Member States introducing nuclear power programmes. The aim of this publication is to help newcomer Member States to understand the complexity involved in the selection of the most suitable reactor technology as well as obligations and responsibilities integral to an unbiased assessment. The publication can also be used by countries that already have nuclear power programmes, to assist in their selection of the next nuclear power plant.
"For the first time in United Nations Climate Change Conference history COP26, which has been rescheduled for 2021, will be focusing on the implementation of advanced nuclear reactors as a valuable option to reach a net zero carbon future. Soon, one of the most disputable global conversations in international affairs about how to achieve a net zero carbon future will involve the conversation of nuclear energy. The baseload document powering the fight against climate change is the Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which ultimately incentivizes states to pursue sustainable energy practices as an essential part of meeting energy a state's demands. The reason COP26 will focus on advanced nuclear reactors is that signatory states of the Paris Agreement have exhibited a trending interest in including nuclear energy into their energy mix; however, not with conventional large scale nuclear reactors, but with advanced reactors, namely SMRs - "Small Modular Reactors". In a report by the International Energy Agency in May 2019 their Executive Director Dr. Fatih Birol said, "If governments don't change their current policies, advanced economies will be on track to lose two-thirds of their current nuclear fleet, risking a huge increase in CO2 emissions...Wind and solar energy need to play a much greater role in order for countries to meet sustainability goals, but it is extremely difficult to envisage them doing so without help from nuclear power." SMRs have been flagged as the baseload energy needed in order to build a sustainable energy future. Overall, the attractiveness of SMRs lies within their inherent safety, security, locational flexibility, and lower costs for both assembly, running the facility, and decommissioning in comparison to large scale nuclear power plants. Since it seems as though SMRs will be implemented in many state's energy demand strategies, this thesis will be an investigation on the key factors in determining a SMR deployment strategy. Furthermore, since a facet of SMR attractiveness is their locational flexibility, there will be an investigation on to rural areas of developing and developed states planning to deploy SMRs. The study will focus on two cases: 1) Canada - a tier 1 nuclear state with international reputation for nuclear innovation and a completed SMR roadmap deployment strategy. 2) Kenya - a nuclear new comer that is in the process of implementing SMRs into their energy mix as a part of their 2030 climate change goal, but who's reputation in nuclear is yet defined. Both states plan to deploy SMRs into rural areas with limited grid systems and use international regulatory tools to guide their strategies. Both states also deal with similar social issues surrounding public perception of nuclear energy and indigenous communities in the potential deployment areas. In a comparative analysis of the two cases there will be an assessment of the following independent variables: security, safety, and public perception in the cases of Canada and Kenya. Due to the complex and contemporary nature of each independent variables in this study, the majority of the literature is derived from primary sources which are based heavily on reports by the International Atomic Energy Agency"--Pages v-vi.
There is a new world order in electrical energy production. Solar and wind power are established as the low-cost leaders. However, these energy sources are highly variable and electrical power is needed 24/7. Alternative sources must fill the gaps, but only a few are both economical and carbon-free or -neutral. This book presents one alternative: small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs). The authors describe the technology, including its safety and economic aspects, and assess its fit with other carbon-free energy sources, storage solutions, and industrial opportunities. They also explain the challenges with SMRs, including public acceptance. The purpose of the book is to help readers consider these relatively new reactors as part of an appropriate energy mix for the future and, ultimately, to make their own judgments on the merits of the arguments for SMRs.
This CSIS volume is comprised of various research from participants in the 2022 Nuclear Scholars Initiative led by the Project on Nuclear Issues. These papers explore a range of crucial debates across deterrence, arms control, and disarmament communities.
Nuclear Waste Management Facilities: Advances, Environmental Impacts, and Future Prospects examines best practices and recent trends in improving nuclear safety and reducing the negative environmental impacts of nuclear waste. With strong emphasis on regulatory requirements, this reference is essential for designing new integrated waste management practices, using lessons learned from historical and current practices. Divided into three key sections, Part One introduces the reader to the safety and environmental impacts of the nuclear industry. Part Two reviews recent technological and methodological approaches to enhancing safety, as well as reducing the carbon footprint of both individual processes and integrated facilities. Topics covered include waste processing, transmutation and decommissioning. Part Three consider potential management schemes for special waste from innovative sources, and wastes that contain emerging contaminants, including waste recycling opportunities. Nuclear Waste Management Facilities: Advances, Environmental Impacts, and Future Prospects is a crucial tool needed to implement the safest and most environmentally considerate best practices within nuclear waste management facilities. Presents recent approaches used to assess and improve the safety and reduce the environmental impacts of nuclear waste management facilities Offers technical guidance to support the development and defense of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and Safety Cases to support the waste management facilities licensing throughout their lifecycles Highlights the future perspectives for wastes produced from innovative reactors and wastes containing emerging contaminants, and recycling opportunities
Like shifting sands of a desert, the global nuclear landscape changes every few years across its three main constituents - nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament. Each of these has seen phases of cautious optimism, deep scepticism and outright pessimism over the last two decades. This book offers a bird’s eye view on all the three, even as the individual authors offer a worm’s eye view on each specific topic within the larger ambit. The first section of the book examines developments in the nuclear energy sector. A broad-brush scan of the contemporary drivers and challenges for nuclear energy at a global level, as also that of India, reveals a positive trend line. There is also cautious optimism around the concept, developments and prospects of small modular reactors. It remains to be seen how effectively and quikcly licensing and regulation issues are resolved for the new concepts to become commericially viable. The second part of the book is devoted to non-proliferation. Vertical nucluear and missile proliferation amongst nuclear armed states, and horizontal proliferation cases of Iran and possibilities in East Asia are considered. Nuclear terrorism and the state of the NPT are also examined. Collectively, these issues reflect a mood of pessimism on non-proliferation at this juncture. Neither is there much to cheer on nuclear disarmament. The last section of the book examines the consequences of use of nuclear weapons, concepts of CBMs and arms control, and recent disarmament initiatives. A tentative exploration of the prospects of disarmament in the wake of Russia-Ukraine conflict is also undertaken. A hope that good sense will prevail, and fear that it might not, seem to coexist at this moment. It is in India's interest to proactively shape the landscape across these three elements. The book seeks to provide the basis to do so.
In response to an increase in global activities related to non-water-cooled reactors and small modular reactors, this new Safety Report documenting areas of novelty of these technologies when compared to the current fleet of reactors has been developed. The impact of these areas of novelty on the applicability and completeness of the IAEA safety standards is assessed in the publication. Gaps and areas for additional consideration are identified. The review undertaken to develop this report encompassed the safety standards related to the lifetime of these reactor technologies. The publication also considers the interface between safety, security, and safeguards in the design of these technologies.
Modern applications of nuclear chemistry concern various scientific disciplines, such as high-sensitive, high-selective, and non-destructive analytical technologies, pharmaceutical and medical research, molecular diagnosis and patient treatment, and nuclear energy. This book also discusses the issues waste managements and environmental aspects. The new edition has updated literature references and includes new material throughout.