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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) systems are becoming a mainstay of legal systems around the world, especially within systems of justice suffering from significant backlogs and delay. While arbitration used to be the bastion of most commercial law disputes, today mediation is more widely used in both public and private justice systems. The growth of mediation has prompted some to consider the possibility of the wider use of online dispute resolution (ODR) platforms. However, ADR is a newer mechanism for providing justice. Because many ADR systems are in fact reducing case backlogs, the focus has been on the speed of resolution and not necessarily on procedural protections and providing justice. This occurrence demands that these systems not merely be replicated. As ADR moves online, lessons must be learned from prior implementations that ensure continued vigilance to protect essential procedural protections. In a manner similar to ADR at its inception, ODR providers often lack appropriate funding and procedural safeguards. One means address the former by reducing cost is to automate portions of the system. In fact, some argue that significant cost saving could be realized - and justice may be better served - by removing human neutrals from the equation; in other words, to fully automate justice. As ADR gains wider use, many commentators hypothesize the next generation of ADR will be an ODR platform, which will use an algorithm and possess no neutral human decision maker. Assuming this is true, (artificial intelligence dispute resolution systems already exists that not only use an algorithm, but learn from prior actors) then we must begin to ask, should a private provider of ODR be permitted to use an algorithm to dispense justice? What public policy and ethical issues demand consideration? This Article seeks to respond to these issues, by: (1) exploring current needs in terms of improving access to justice; (2) analyzing existing systems that use online platforms to facilitate dispute resolution; (3) using case examples to highlight the potential for the widening use of ODR; (4) considering if these systems contribute to an increase in access to justice in low-value disputes; and (5) suggesting potential pitfalls that may arise if ODR is not regulated in a manner that ensures fair and impartial systems. Ultimately, we argue that an effective and ethical ODR platform requires the use of algorithms to settle the more common disputes, but that due process protections are required to help ensure against bias and improves access to justice.
Presents a new theory of media ethics that is explicitly international.
Around the world, access to justice enjoys an energetic and passionate resurgence as an object both of scholarly inquiry and political contest, as both a social movement and a value commitment motivating study and action. This work evidences a deeper engagement with social theory than past generations of scholarship.
Justice apps – mobile and web-based programmes that can assist individuals with legal tasks – are being produced, improved, and accessed at an unprecedented rate. These technologies have the potential to reshape the justice system, improve access to justice, and demystify legal institutions. Using artificial intelligence techniques, apps can even facilitate the resolution of common legal disputes. However, these opportunities must be assessed in light of the many challenges associated with app use in the justice sector. These include the digital divide and other accessibility issues; the ethical challenges raised by the dehumanisation of legal processes; and various privacy, security, and confidentiality risks. Surveying the landscape of this emergent industry, this book explores the objectives, opportunities, and challenges presented by apps across all areas of the justice sector. Detailed consideration is also given to the use of justice apps in specific legal contexts, including the family law and criminal law sectors. The first book to engage with justice apps, this book will appeal to a wide range of legal scholars, students, practitioners, and policy-makers.
How will law, regulation and ethics govern a future of fast-changing technologies? Bringing together cutting-edge authors from academia, legal practice and the technology industry, Future Law explores and leverages the power of human imagination in understanding, critiquing and improving the legal responses to technological change. It focuses on the practical difficulties of applying law, policy and ethical structures to emergent technologies both now and in the future. It covers crucial current issues such as big data ethics, ubiquitous surveillance and the Internet of Things, and disruptive technologies such as autonomous vehicles, DIY genetics and robot agents. By using examples from popular culture such as books, films, TV and Instagram - including 'Black Mirror', 'Disney Princesses', 'Star Wars', 'Doctor Who' and 'Rick and Morty' - it brings hypothetical examples to life. And it asks where law might go next and to regulate new-phase technology such as artificial intelligence, 'smart homes' and automated emotion recognition.
A compilation of the proceedings from a symposium of the same name as the book. Topics include: access to information; Internet ethics and free speech; the ethics of electronic information in China today; privacy and the Internet; copyright; and regulation of information and Internet commerce.
"Justice apps - mobile and web-based programs that can assist individuals with legal tasks - are being produced, improved, and accessed at an unprecedented rate. These technologies have the potential to reshape the justice system, improve access to justice, and demystify legal institutions. Using artificial intelligence techniques, apps can even facilitate the resolution of common legal disputes. However, these opportunities must be assessed in light of the many challenges associated with app usage in the justice sector. These include the digital divide and other accessibility issues, the ethical challenges raised by the dehumanisation of legal processes, and various privacy, security, and confidentiality risks. Surveying the landscape of this emergent industry, this book explores the objectives, opportunities, and challenges presented by apps across all areas of the justice sector. Detailed consideration is also given to the use of justice apps in specific legal contexts, including the family law and criminal law sectors. The first book to engage with justice apps, this book will appeal to a wide range of legal scholars, students, practitioners and policy-makers"--
Increasingly, technology, the Internet and social media are playing a major part in our lives. What should we think about the ethical issues that arise, such as the changing role of intelligent machines in this Information Age? The impact of technology upon society is a perennial question, but the power of computing and artificial intelligence has ratcheted up the ethical implications of this relationship. It merits careful consideration. Ethics in the AI, Technology, and Information Age brings together a cohort of international scholars to explore the ethical ramifications of the latest technologies and their effects on our lives. This it does in three parts: (1) theoretical considerations, (2) practical applications, and (3) challenges. Beginning with theoretical essays, the book investigates the relationship between technology and nature, the limits of being “human” versus “machine,” and the moral implications of artificial intelligence. The book then examines key questions; such as ownership of technology, artificial intelligence’s replacement of human jobs and functions, privacy and cybersecurity, the ethics of self-driving cars, and the problematic aspects of drone warfare. With an appendix of films and documentaries to inspire further discussion on these topics, students and scholars will find Ethics in the AI, Technology, and Information Age an essential and engaging resource both in the classroom and in their daily technology-filled lives.
This volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of a general attempt to place current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches. The term "A.I." is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether "human" or "A.I."