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This book offers a comprehensive and practical guide to understanding the intricate transfer pricing implications stemming from the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project within the Indian context. This work culminates two years of extensive research and analysis by a team of transfer pricing experts. The book covers a wide range of topics, starting with an overview of the BEPS project and its objectives. It also includes an analysis of international rulings on BEPS, examining landmark cases and their implications for the transfer pricing landscape. This comprehensive guide is invaluable for tax practitioners, professionals, academics, and business leaders aiming to understand the impact of BEPS recommendations on transfer pricing in India. It facilitates informed discussions on this critical area of taxation and its implications for businesses operating in India. The Present Publication is the Latest Edition, authored by Ashutosh Mohan Rastogi, with the following noteworthy features: • [Realignment of Transfer Pricing Norms] The book explains why BEPS realigned 'Transfer Pricing' norms, illustrated through case studies of Google, Starbucks, and Apple, highlighting their implications on BEPS • [Understanding and Application of BEPS Action Plans] BEPS Action plans have transformed how Transfer Pricing concepts are understood and applied, shifting focus from titles and contracts to functions and risks. This book helps readers understand these nuances in the post-BEPS era • [BEPS Insights on Indian Law] Each chapter provides BEPS insights on Indian Law, discussing BEPS Action plans with reference to Indian Regulations, Circulars, and Case Law and explaining the relevance and implications of BEPS Action points in the Indian context • [Planning for Intangibles in the Post-BEPS World] The book decodes how to attribute profits to intangibles in the BEPS era, explains 'Development, Enhancement, Maintenance, Protection and Exploitation' (DEMPE) functions, and assesses the relevance of holding companies in low-tax havens today • [Economic Ownership] Readers will learn about the importance of Economic Ownership and how it is determined, exploring how Indian law attributes intangible returns based on legal or economic ownership • [Substance in Transfer Pricing] The book discusses the role of substance in Transfer Pricing, exploring whether Transfer Pricing officers can look beyond agreements to uncover reality and the role of significant people functions • [Benchmarking for Financial Transactions] It provides insights on benchmarking for financial transactions such as inter-company loans and guarantees, highlighting the importance of credit rating in financial transaction analysis and how to compute a credit rating • [Location Savings] The book explains where location savings should be taxed and whether profit split is the correct methodology for taxing location savings • [Defending Management Charges] It guides Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) on defending management charges, the availability of Safe Harbour for Management Charges in India, and the shortcomings of the safe harbour • [Cost Contribution Agreements] Readers will understand what cost contribution agreements are and how they differ from intra-group service agreements • [International Rulings on BEPS] The book summarizes leading international rulings on BEPS with illustrations, helping readers understand their implications and how tax litigators can apply them in the Indian context • [Three-Tier Documentation with FAQs] From the evolution and objectives behind the three-tier approach to the requirements suggested by the OECD and their adoption into Indian legislation, the book covers it all. It includes various prescribed templates and answers to general and transaction/issue-specific FAQs addressed by the OECD in the BEPS Action Plan 13 report The detailed contents of the book are as follows: • [Introduction] o This chapter provides an overview of the BEPS project and its objectives, including case studies of companies like Starbucks, Google, and Apple, illustrating the necessity for the BEPS initiative • [BEPS Implications on Transfer Pricing] o This chapter provides an in-depth examination of BEPS implications on transfer pricing, focusing on fundamental changes proposed by the OECD and their potential impact on MNEs in India. It analyses concepts such as economic substance, substance over form, and profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions • [DEMPE Analysis] o This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the DEMPE (Development, Enhancement, Maintenance, Protection, and Exploitation) functions, highlighting the complexities of attributing profits to intangible assets and the Indian tax authorities approach to these challenges • [BEPS Guidance on 'Substance over Form'] o This chapter discusses the principle of prioritizing economic substance over contractual form, emphasizing the importance of actual business activities and behaviours in determining transfer pricing as per BEPS guidelines • [Low-Value Intra-Group Services] o This chapter examines BEPS guidelines for low value-adding intra-group services, providing simplified approaches for determining arm's length charges and outlining documentation requirements for these services • [Financial Transactions] o This chapter analyses the intricacies of transfer pricing for financial transactions. This chapter covers treasury functions, credit risk assessment, inter-company loans, and guarantees, with an emphasis on compliance with the arm's length principle • [Cost Contribution Arrangements] o This chapter explores the concept of cost contribution arrangements (CCAs) under BEPS, discussing how MNEs share the costs and benefits of joint development activities and the implications for transfer pricing • [Location Savings] o This chapter provides an analysis of location savings and location-specific advantages, offering guidance on how these factors should be incorporated into transfer pricing strategies, particularly in the Indian context • [Three-Tier Documentation] o This chapter provides a review of the BEPS-recommended three-tier documentation approach, including the master file, local file, and country-by-country report, and a discussion on how these documentation requirements are implemented in India • [Dispute Resolution Mechanism] o This chapter discusses the mechanisms for resolving transfer pricing disputes, including the mutual agreement procedure (MAP) and India's Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) program. It provides practical insights into navigating disputes under the new BEPS regime • [International Transfer Pricing Rulings on BEPS] o This chapter summarises significant international transfer pricing rulings related to BEPS, offering key takeaways and their implications for the Indian transfer pricing landscape • [Conclusion] o This chapter concludes by synthesizing the key insights and practical guidance provided in each chapter, reinforcing the importance of understanding and applying BEPS principles to transfer pricing in India
International Financial Management provides an effective and detailed presentation of important concepts and practical application in today’s global business environment, which includes: • Foreign Exchange Market • International Financial System • Eurocurrency Market • Currency Futures & Options • Swaps • Country Risk Analysis • Capital Budgeting The key highlight of this book is that it uses several examples (both numerical & theoretical) to highlight the applications of various dimensions of international finance. This book aims to fulfil the requirement of students of PGDM, MBA, M.Com., Master of Economics, Master of Finance & Control (MFC), MIB, other Post Graduate Diploma in Risk Management & other post-graduate specialized disciplines. The Present Publication is the 4th Edition, authored by Prof. Madhu Vij. The book has been organized around five major areas, namely: • [International Financial Environment] emphasizing its institutional set-up while discussing why is it important to study international finance. This area is further subdivided into four chapters, namely: o Overview of the International Financial Management o History of International Monetary System; Emphasis on Bretton Woods System o International Financial Institutions with a particular focus on the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and European Monetary System o Balance of Payment Concepts and Accounting • [The Foreign Exchange Markets] o Derivatives o Foreign Currency Futures and Options Contracts that are traded on Stock Exchanges o Forex Markets with an emphasis on Fundamentals of Forex Trading, Overview of Operations of the Spot and Foreign Exchange Markets, How is Foreign Exchange Quoted and Traded Worldwide • [Managing Foreign Exchange Exposure] o Management of Foreign Exchange Risk with a discussion on kinds of exposure MNCs face o Translation Exposure or Accounting Exposure, which discusses the various methods for translating financial statements o Management of Transaction Exposure that arises from contractual obligations denominated in a foreign currency o Management of Economic Exposure • [Financial Management of the Multinational Firm] o Foreign Direct Investment o Cost of Capital and Capital Structure of the MNC o Application and Interpretation of MNC Capital Budgeting explaining various methods with the help of numerical examples and case studies o Multinational Cash Management o Identifies and Analyses the Various Dimensions of Country Risk Analysis o Eurocurrency and Eurobond Market • [Managing Foreign Operations] o Interest Rate and Currency Swaps explaining how they can be used to reduce financing costs and risks o Global Depository Receipts and American Depository Receipts
Includes 1999 update. 1998 update in back.
The book provides a clear introduction to international taxation and presents its material in a global context, explaining policy, legal issues and planning points central to taxation issues, primarily from the viewpoint of a multinational group of companies. It uses examples and diagrams throughout to aid the reader's understanding and offers more in-depth material on many important areas of the subject. Traditionally published every 2 years in both print and digital formats, this content is a core requirement for student reading lists at both undergraduate and post graduate level. Fully updated to cover all new tax legislation and developments in light of the OECD BEPS project implementation, key areas to be included in this new edition are: - changes proposed by BEPS 2.0 in relation to taxation and the digital economy, including Pillar Two and the proposed new UN Model Article 12B; - further progress on the implantation of OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting implementation, including: -- an update on the implementation of BEPS recommendations including artificial avoidance of permanent establishment status and prevention of treaty abuse; -- the implementation of transfer pricing documentation and country-by-country reporting; -- multilateral instrument implementation; - the impact of Covid-19 on international taxation; - further developments in European direct taxation including the transparency package, directives on anti-tax avoidance and the common corporate tax base and state aid cases (Apple in particular) and updates to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation, and the new communication on Business Taxation for the 21st Century. - Proposals in relation to the taxation of digital business, in particular the OECD's unified approach and the UN modifications to the Model Double Taxation Convention. - Proposals for a global minimum corporate tax rate to curb base erosion and tax competition.
About the book The law governing exchange control aspects of cross border transactions viz. Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 along with its Rules and Regulations, is a special and unique statute in itself, which is regulated and administered by Reserve Bank of India ('RBI'). RBI implemented a policy decision in May 2016, to make public disclosure of all compounding orders passed by it. This has offered an ideal opportunity to gain insights into RBI's outlook and interpretation of FEMA, and also the administrative practices adopted by RBI from time to time. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of all the compounding orders published by RBI during the period July 2016 to December 2018, to facilitate FEMA practitioners, companies and other persons undertaking cross-border transactions in understanding the RBI's perspective which is the driving force behind its interpretation and administration of FEMA. Key features of the book · Solitary publication on analysis of RBI compounding orders (covering orders issued upto 31st December 2018) · Coverage of 1268 FEMA compounding orders · Arrangement of compounding orders Notification-wise and Regulation-wise · Handy comparison of erstwhile and revised FEMA Notifications for provisions contravened under the compounding orders · Vital insights into principles applied by RBI while interpreting provisions of FEMA and important notifications · Detailed reporting of nearly 100 compounding orders along with analysis and summary compilation of all remaining orders
Analysis of notion, roots und measures of treaty abuse The OECD initiative on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting has put the issue of treaty abuse and the means to counter it on top of the global political agenda. Preventing treaty abuse is therefore currently one of the most debated topics in international tax law. Diverging national legal traditions in combatting abuse both under domestic and tax treaty law have led to a globally diversified legal framework in this respect and make the OECD’s agenda to harmonize these attempts even more challenging. The aim of this book is to analyze the notion of treaty abuse, its historical roots and the measures to counter it. The book’s topics cover a wide range of both policy and legal issues. The contributions’ main focus lies onanalyzing the proposals put forward by the OECD in BEPS action items 6 and 7. In addition, this book analyzes the lessons which can be learnt from the US tax treaty policy and elaborates on the effects the intensified fight against treaty abuse will have from a Non-OECD member state perspective. Also EU law is taken into account and the question raised which impact the fundamental freedoms might have on the development of new anti-avoidance rules. Finally the relation between domestic and treaty based anti-avoidance is analyzed in great detail, identifying the methodical problems of ensuring a sound and abuse safe legal framework. With this book, the authors and editors hope to contribute to the discussion on selected issues of preventing treaty abuse and the challenges they present to policy makers, judges, tax administrations and tax advisers.
The arm's length principle serves as the domestic and international standard to evaluate transfer prices between members of multinational enterprises for tax purposes. The OECD has adopted the arm's length principle in Article 9 of its Model Income Tax Convention in order to ensure that transfer prices between members of multinational enterprises correspond to those that would have been agreed between independent enterprises under comparable circumstances. The arm's length principle provides the legal framework for governments to have their fair share of taxes, and for enterprises to avoid double taxation on their profits. This timely book contains a comparative analysis of the legal basis for the arm's length principle and the contents of the arm's length rules in US tax law as well as in the OECD Model Tax Convention and Transfer Pricing Guidelines. It includes a thorough review of international case law on transfer pricing from the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The book ends with an analysis of the issues associated with the application of the arm's length principle for multinational enterprises in a global economy.
This text is an introductory course in management accounting for those seeking an understanding of basic principles and underlying concepts without detailed technical knowledge. It has a strong practical emphasis, with plenty of examples taken from the real world as well as numerical examples with step-by-step explanations.