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Tax administration improvements have contributed significantly to a doubling of China’s tax-to-GDP ratio and the substantial reduction in taxpayers’ compliance costs since the mid-1990s. This paper describes the key features of China’s tax administration and their evolution over the last 20 years. It also identifes emerging challenges to the tax system and areas where further tax administration improvements are needed to sustain tax revenue and reduce taxpayers’ compliance costs in the future.
This paper discusses the findings of the Financial System Stability Assessment (FSAP) for China. Since the 2011 FSAP, China’s impressive economic growth has continued, and it is now undertaking a necessary but prolonged economic and financial transformation. However, tensions have also emerged in various areas of the Chinese financial system. The monetary and fiscal policies aimed at supporting employment and growth have been expansionary in recent years. Pressures to keep nonviable firms open are strong, particularly at the local government level, where these objectives, at times, conflict with financial stability. The demand for high-yield investment products coupled with strengthening oversight of the banking sector has also led to regulatory arbitrage and the growth of increasingly complex investment vehicles.
This 2019 Article IV Consultation with People’s Republic of China highlights that after the slowdown in 2018, reflecting financial regulatory strengthening and softening external demand, growth stabilized in early 2019. Financial deleveraging and reduced interconnectedness between banks and non-banks have helped contain the build-up of financial risks, but vulnerabilities remain elevated and progress on rebalancing is mixed. While a moderate slowdown is expected in 2019, uncertainty around trade tensions remains high and risks are tilted to the downside. Successfully shifting from high-speed to high-quality growth in a highly uncertain environment requires stabilizing the economy amid rising trade tensions while continuing with deleveraging and strengthening rebalancing. It is important to improve external policies and frameworks by working constructively with trading partners to better address shortcomings and enable a trading system that can more readily adapt to economic changes in the international environment.
Marketing strategy is constantly adapting in the changing environment of International Business. This book draws together an eminent and international body of researchers to analyse recent changes in world markets and marketing practices. It analyses, codifies and challenges existing literature on the subject; it offers industry specific studies of international marketing practices and their relative successes; and it presents valuable research findings on the increasingly important markets of China and Japan. The book is a three-fold contribution to the study and practice of International Marketing. Blending empirical studies with critical theory, the collection sheds much desired light on this important and often-neglected area.