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Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, Volume III, and its companion, Volume IV, grew out of a symposium, Modeling and Analysis of Ecosystems, held at the University of Georgia, 1-3 March 1973. The purposes of the meeting were to (i) review the status of ecosystem modeling, simulation, and analysis; (ii) provide a forum for interaction between U.S. International Biological Program (IBP) Biome modeling programs and selected non-IBP investigations involving systems approaches to ecosystem analysis; and (iii) identify and promote dialogue on key issues in macrosystem modeling. The volume is organized into two parts. Part I treats ecosystem modeling in the U.S. IBP. The introductory chapter is followed by five chapters describing grassland, deciduous forest, desert, tundra, and coniferous forest biome modeling. The concluding chapter is one of critique and evaluation. Part II is devoted mainly to freshwater ecosystems, grading into the estuarine system in the last chapter. The five chapters of this section encompass a simple thermal ecosystem, small woodland streams, a reservoir, one of the Great Lakes, a lake reclaimed from eutrophication, and a major estuary under stress of human impact.
This book explores the theory and methods of systems analysis and computer modeling as applied to problems in ecology and natural resource management. It reflects the problems and conflicts between competing uses of limited space and the need for quantitative predictors of the outcome of various management strategies.
Problem Analysis in Science and Engineering discusses several issues regarding the problems faced by disciplines that are reliant on mathematical equations and solutions. The book describes alternative ways to approach several problems faced by different fields. Chapters in this book are written by different authors who in turn discuss different subjects, such as the aspects of network theory and its applications in engineering and physics, economy, ecology, catastrophe theory, and the mathematical aspects of problem structure and analysis tools. Since this book tackles issues from a variety of disciplines, it will appeal to a wide audience from different fields.
The editors begin with articles that illuminate the discipline's diverse scientific foundations, such as L.
Dams are planned, constructed, and operated to meet human needs - generation of energy, irrigated agricultural production, flood control, public and industrial supply, supply of drinking water, and various other purposes. Dams impound water in reservoirs during times of high flood that can be used for human requirements during times with inadequate natural flows. Positive impacts of dams are improved flood control, improved welfare resulting from new access to irrigation and drinking water. Without dams there would be insufficient food to feed the world’s people and energy would be generated by burning fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gases. Despite this progress there remain significant concerns about the environmental impacts of dams. These environmental impacts are complex and far reaching, remote of the dam, and may occur in time with the dam construction or later and may lead to a loss of biodiversity and of productivity of natural resources. This bulletin compiles improvements in knowledge and state of the art technology to avoid or mitigate environmental impacts of dams on the natural ecosystem as well as to the people that depend upon them for their livelihood and also addresses the mitigation of environmental impacts on dams and reservoirs. Les barrages sont planifiés, construits et exploités de manière à répondre aux besoins humains. Les barrages retiennent l'eau dans les réservoirs pendant les périodes de forte crue, une eau qui peut être utilisée pour les besoins de l'homme pendant les périodes d’insuffisance des débits naturels. Les impacts positifs de barrages sont le contrôle des crues et l'amélioration du bien-être résultant du nouvel accès à l'irrigation et à l'eau potable. Sans barrages, la production alimentaire serait insuffisante pour nourrir la population du globe et l'énergie serait générée en brûlant des combustibles fossiles qui produisent des gaz à effet de serre. Malgré ces progrès, d'importantes préoccupations subsistent quant aux retombées des barrages sur l’environnement. Les impacts environnementaux sont complexes et d’une grande portée. Ils peuvent se produire au moment de la construction du barrage ou plus tard et peuvent entraîner une perte de la biodiversité et de la productivité des ressources naturelles. Le présent bulletin compile l'amélioration des connaissances et des technologies les plus récentes pour éviter ou atténuer les impacts environnementaux des barrages sur l'écosystème naturel ainsi que pour les personnes qui en dépendent pour leur subsistance. Il aborde également l'atténuation des impacts environnementaux sur les barrages et les réservoirs.