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Etwa vom zweiten Jahrzehnt des 18. bis gegen Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts mit der zugeschriebenen Blütezeit von ca. 1770 bis um 1800 charakterisieren um das klassische Wiener Bläseroktett zwar grundsätzlich formulierte, aber wenig standardisierbare Besetzungen das facettenreiche Bild von Harmoniemusik. In ihrem Werden und Wandel aus fortgeschriebener barocker Bläsertradition bergen ihre Geburtsmomente, ihre Bedeutung im Kontext von Ensembleentwicklungen, ihr Verhältnis zu Gattungsverständnissen und Wertschätzungen noch brisante Akzente. Das europäische Spannungsfeld zwischen Funktionen der Harmoniemusik in Militär und Unterhaltung, im Alltags- und Repräsentationsgeschehen führt zu Fragen ihrer Qualitäten und Marktmechanismen. Arrangements für Harmoniemusik-Besetzungen erweisen sich als aufführungspraktische Quellen und vermögen Rezeptionen in Musikerkreisen und Hörerschaften damals und heute zu erhellen. Besondere Ausprägungen von Hautboistenkultur und Bläsermusik in Städten, Höfen oder Landschaften bereichern Fokussierungen der Regionalfor?schung und betonen gemeinsam mit Repertoireentwicklungen, mit Werken einzelner Komponisten oder Bearbeiter Originalität als Kriterium einer Gesellschaftsentwicklung, welche auch die Harmoniemusik in Modifikationen über Epochengrenzen getragen hat. In Annäherung an ein zukünftiges Gesamtbild dieser im Wesen durch Holzbläser und Hörner gekennzeichneten Instrumentalbesetzung werden im Zusammenhang mit ihrer musikalischen Faktur weiterhin auch ihre kulturhistorischen Grundlagen und Bestimmungen zu suchen sein.
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The present collection of primary sources, comprised of printed and manuscript materials, offers a new approach to the history of learned societies and Freemasonry in Hungary in the 18th century. Materials include academic proposals, regulations of learned societies and reading circles, letters, pamphlets as well as Masonic constitutions, rituals, orations, essays, and a sentimental novel. In addition to the Latin- and German-language documents, some Hungarian-language sources of special importance are published in English translation. The sources in the first part of the collection illustrate the growing desire and ambition among Hungarian intellectuals for establishing national literature and science, and for raising the level of general literacy among the population. Starting from the diagnosis that, compared to other European countries, Hungary was quite backward in terms of cultivating the sciences, several people emphasized the need to raise the standards of public education, while others thought that establishing learned societies or scientific academies could change the situation. The examination of the history of learned and secret societies shows that in 18th-century Hungary social culture could develop within the framework of Freemasonry. The functioning learned societies and reading circles were established at the initiative of lodge members, and a large number of the authors of the proposals were also Freemasons. The establishment of learned societies was motivated by the ideas which were also the guiding principles of the Freemasons: spreading enlightenment, promoting the well-being of the people, and supporting the sciences and the arts. The editors intended to bring to an international audience the selected materials which warrant further research and examination.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In the first comprehensive history of the fraternity known to outsiders primarily for its secrecy and rituals, Steven Bullock traces Freemasonry through its first century in America. He follows the order from its origins in Britain and its introduction into North America in the 1730s to its near-destruction by a massive anti-Masonic movement almost a century later and its subsequent reconfiguration into the brotherhood we know today. With a membership that included Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Paul Revere, and Andrew Jackson, Freemasonry is fascinating in its own right, but Bullock also places the movement at the center of the transformation of American society and culture from the colonial era to the rise of Jacksonian democracy. Using lodge records, members' reminiscences and correspondence, and local and Masonic histories, Bullock links Freemasonry with the changing ideals of early American society. Although the fraternity began among colonial elites, its spread during the Revolution and afterward allowed it to play an important role in shaping the new nation's ideas of liberty and equality. Ironically, however, the more inclusive and universalist Masonic ideas became, the more threatening its members' economic and emotional bonds seemed to outsiders, sparking an explosive attack on the fraternity after 1826. American History