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The unique properties of gold nanoparticles make them excellent candidates for applications in electronics, sensing, imaging, and photothermal therapy. Though abundant literature exists for isotropic gold nanoparticles, work on nanoparticles of different shapes has been gaining interest recently. Anisotropic gold nanoparticles, such as nanorods and nanoprisms, have tunable optical properties in the visible and near-infrared regions. Through synthesis and surface modification, the production of various shapes of these gold nanoparticles can be controlled to meet different applications. Two different types of gold nanorods were used in this thesis. The first type was stabilized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and had aspect ratios of 3-4 (defined as the nanorod length divided by the diameter). The second type was synthesized using CTAB and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (BDAC) in a binary surfactant system which produced aspect ratios greater than 4. The nanorods were characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of bowl-shaped macrocyclic compounds called resorcinarenes were used to direct self-assembly of the nanorods. The first type of resorcinarene (R2S) consisted of thiol(SH)-terminated alkyl chains on both rims. The second type (R1S) contained thiol-terminated alkyl chains on only one rim. The monolayer formation of these resorcinarenes on planar gold surfaces was studied and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Resorcinarene-mediated assembly of gold nanorods was monitored with UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and TEM. In addition to gold nanorods, gold nanoprisms were synthesized through a kinetically-controlled reduction route in the presence of CTAB. The linking of nanoprisms using resorcinarenes was also explored.
GNRs with well defined aspect ratios are introduced into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix by means of solution-casting techniques. The film is drawn to induce the uniaxial alignment of GNRs to be used as color polarizing filters. We prepare GNR polarizing filter with different peak positions ranging from visible to near infra red by using different aspect ratio of NRs.
The development of small and smallest particle is one of today's key features in modern science. The goal is to form materials with improved properties than their "classical" ancestors with just a fractional amount of raw material. However, the characterization of these particles is as important as their way of preparation. Different techniques with their origins in physics, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry have to be combined to reveal the secrets of this important field of science. This book gives a short overview of theoretical basics and synthesis methods to form and characterize gold and zirconia nanoparticles. Phenomenon like plasmon resonance self-assembly of surfactants and the different structures of ZnO2 are explained. Furthermore, analytical tools, like small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are introduced. In addition, details on the synthesis of gold and zirconia nanoparticles are presented and are examined by the mentioned analytical and calorimetric methods.
Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications provides detailed information on the preparation and utilization of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles in a range of novel areas. Gold and silver nanoparticles offer a range of interesting properties, including unique size-dependent optoelectronic properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, ease of synthesis and surface modification, excellent resistance to corrosion, and catalytic properties, hence paving the way to a wide range of cutting-edge applications with continual advances and innovations. Sections introduce gold and silver nanoparticles, fundamental theory, synthesis, and characterization techniques before focusing on requirements and preparation methods. Specific applications areas, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), sensing and biosensing, imaging, drug and gene delivery, disease diagnosis, catalysis, and optoelectronic device fabrication are covered. Finally, synthesis and applications of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanoscience and nanotechnology, chemistry, and materials science, as well as scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in noble metal nanomaterials for a range of industrial applications. Explains theory, synthesis, characterization, and properties of Au- and Ag- based nanoparticles Explores a range of novel applications across biomedicine, optoelectronics, and other areas Analyzes the latest developments in the field and considers noble metal nanoparticles beyond gold and silver
When a gold nanoparticle is coated with two dislike ligands, the ligands selfassemble on the nanoparticle surface and the phase separation occurs based on the miscibility and the size mismatch of two ligands, and the sizes of nanoparticles. When the size of the gold core is approximately between 3-8 nm, the stripe-like ordered domains of two ligands are formed. The stripe-like structure is not favored when you consider only the enthalpy. However, the long ligands obtain extra free-volumes when they are surrounded by the short ligands due to the curvature of a nanoparticle, hence, the entropy increases when two ligands are mixed on the nanoparticle surface. The balance between enthalpy and entropy leads to the state where the stripe-like arrangement of two ligands is thermodynamically the most stable. When the size of the gold core becomes smaller, the entropy contribution becomes less and less relevant, since the gain of free-volume when two different ligands are closely placed is smaller due to the larger curvature of smaller nanoparticles. Under this condition, the final morphology is primarily determined by the enthalpy of separation. Therefore, for small particles, two ligands phase separate into two bulk phases, resulting the Janus nanoparticles. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrate that gold nanoparticles with a core diameter smaller than 1.5 nm form Janus nanoparticles in many ligand combinations. We used four different nanoparticles and different techniques to confirm the presence of a majority of Janus particles. All of them show similar cut-off sizes for the Janus-to-stripe transition. In the second part of this thesis, we show nanoparticle hydrogels using the selfassembly of the stripe nanoparticles. One of unique surface properties of the stripe nanoparticle is divalency. A particle coated with stripe-like domains implies two defect points at the poles of NPs. These two polar defects can be selectively functionalized with molecules that in turn can act as handles for further assemblies. The network structure is formed only using ionic interaction between NPs, and it requires both divalent anionic nanoparticles and divalent cations. Gels are investigated to determine their properties using rheological characterization.
Gold Nanoparticles - Reaching New Heights contains recent research on the preparation, characterization, fabrication, and potential of optical and biological applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). It is promising novel research that has received a lot of interest over the last few decades. It covers advanced topics on optical, physical, medicinal, and biological applications of AuNPs. Development of green nanotechnology is generating the interest of researchers towards the synthesis of eco-friendly, safe, non-toxic applications, which can be used for manufacture at a large scale. These are simple, cost-effective, stable, enduring, and reproducible aqueous room temperature synthesis applications to obtain the self-assembly of AuNPs. This potentially unique work offers various approaches to R
The gold nanoparticle core composition, shape, size, self assembled monolayer (SAM) formation kinetics, and SAM ligand packing density are all evaluated for thioctic acid, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, or 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 1 H NMR, extinction spectroscopy, zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and flocculation studies are used to assess the morphology, surface chemistry, optical properties, surface charge, SAM packing density, and effective stability of carboxylated nanoparticles, respectively. Using these well-characterized nanostructures, applications of gold nanoparticle pseudostationary phases in capillary electrophoresis is studied.
The book summarizes recent advances in methods to synthesize, stabilize, passivate and functionalize diverse nanoparticles from metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, polymers, organics and biomolecules. A wide range of potential appplications with nanoparticles as building blocks are described.
Biocompatible gold nanoparticles have gained considerable attention in recent years for potential applications in nanomedicine due to their interesting size dependent chemical, electronic and optical properties. In particular, the prospective use of gold nanoparticles as contrast enhancement agents in X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and Photo Acoustic Tomography for early diagnosis of specific tumors is being extensively researched. Additionally, gold nanoparticles show promise in enhancing the effectiveness of various targeted cancer treatments such as radiotherapy and photothermal therapy. For these applications, biocompatible gold nanoparticles labeled with specific tumor targeting biomolecules are needed for site specific delivery. In the present project, gold nanoparticles stabilized and labeled with carbohydrate (starch) and glycoprotein (gum arabic) have been generated, characterized and tested for in vitro and in vivo stability. They are found to localize in specific tissues in the animal models. Additionally, gold nanoparticles labeled with a cancer seeking peptide, bombesin, exhibited excellent binding affinity towards prostate and breast cancer cells. The degree of contrast enhancement in cancer imaging or effectiveness of cancer treatments is limited by the number of nanoparticles that can be localized at the target tumor/cancer site. One way to augment the localization of nanoparticles at the target tissue is to utilize gold nanochains that hold more number of nanoparticles. Therefore, we developed biocompatible gold nanochains formed by self assembly of nanoparticles on gum arabic and they were shown to be in vitro stable. The change of optical properties of gold nanoparticles upon slight modification of the surrounding environment is the basis for the development of biosensors. Therefore, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), a spectroscopic method where the Raman scattering signal, which is sensitive to the molecular structure, is enhanced in the presence of gold nanoparticles has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of specific molecules. Consequently, there is need for nanostructures that give maximum SERS signal. In the present project, gold nanoparticles set in agarose gel have been demonstrated to be excellent SERS substrates compared to commercially available gold nanoparticles for DNA nucleosides.