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Formally introduced in 1979, SYMLOG (Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups) has been tested and developed in the years since by Robert Bales of Harvard University and a team of collaborators, including the editors of this volume. Here, the Hares provide a current survey of SYMLOG applications in three areas: organizational consultation, research on cultural differences that underlie the problems of managing diversity, and the measure of personality and social perception. With five case studies and several intensive reviews of SYMLOG theory, the present volume is an invaluable tool for both scholars and professional management consultants.
Inspired by the research and theory of Robert Freed Bales (Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Harvard University), this collection of research and applications using SYMLOG, a system for the multi-level observation of groups, provides the most recent examples of analyzing aspects of social interaction systems. The collection shows the relationship of SYMLOG to other theoretical models, gives examples of international research, includes applications in health, education, religion, and policy analysis, and illustrates problems and solutions regarding the validity and reliability of the method. The editors provide the widest selection of articles on SYMLOG, covering theory, research, and applications in organizational development and other fields.
Social Interaction Systems is the culmination of a half century of work in the field of social psychology by Robert Freed Bales, a pioneer at the Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. Led by Talcott Parsons, Gordon W. Allport, Henry A. Murray, and Clyde M. Kluckhohn, the Harvard Project was intended to establish an integrative framework for social psychology, one based on the interaction process, augmented by value content analysis. Bales sees this approach as a personal involvement that goes far beyond the classical experimental approach to the study of groups. Bales developed SYMLOG, which stands for systematic multiple level observation of groups. The SYMLOG Consulting Group approach was worldwide as well as interactive. It created a data bank that made possible a search for general laws of human interaction far beyond anything thus far known. In his daring search for universal features, Bales redefines the fundamental boundaries of the field, and in so doing establishes criteria for the behavior and values of leaders and followers. Bales offers a new "field theory," an appreciation of the multiple contexts in which people live. Bales does not aim to eradicate differences, but to understand them. In this sense, the values inherent in any interaction situation permit the psychologist to appreciate the sources of polarization as they actually exist: between conservative and liberal, individualistic and authoritarian, libertarian and communitarian. Bales repeatedly emphasizes that the mental processes of individuals and their social interactions take place in systematic contexts which can be measured. Hence they permit explanation and prediction of behavior in a more exact way than in past traditions. Bales has offered a pioneering work that has the potential to move us into a new theoretical epoch no less than a new century. His work holds out the promise of synthesis and support for psychologists, sociologists, and all who work with groups and organizations of all kinds.
The contributors set out to demonstrate the influence of the computer - not just in the philosophy of mind, where the influence has been enormous, but also in epistemology, metaphysics, logic and the philosophy of mathematics. Even ethics and ethical reasoning have been explored through the use of the computer. Indeed, the lead contribution by Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon argues that it is no exaggeration to speak of a "computational turn" in philosophy to match the much-celebrated (and maligned) "linguistic turn" of a previous generation. Of particular interest are the examinations of the wide range of applications of computational methods, the innovative instructional computer programs, and the discussions of the ethical implications of computer use.
This book reports on a study that compared the responses of leaders from six European Union countries and the United Sates about their perceptions of the work-related values of effective leaders and team members. The results not only yield a profile of effective leadership for those working in cross-national teams in the European Union, they also provide a framework for thinking about how to develop effective cross-national alliances everywhere. The findings focus on comparisons and perceptions of effective leadership, effective leaders as team members, effective membership, and effective leadership when working across Europe. The similarities and difference among effective leaders are likewise detailed, along with leader-member differences and potential conflicts on cross-national teams. A striking consensus emerged on what will be required of leaders and members of cross-national teams, such as a balance of approachable, democratic, and moderately dominant leadership that blends stability with creativity. (RJM)