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Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the eighth leading cause of cancer death and the second most common childhood cancer worldwide. Current treatment methods include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune therapy etc. However, patients with CNS tumors usually have an unsatisfactory prognosis accompanied by impaired neurologic functions when compared with other cancers. Few drugs or treatments have been proven effective in CNS tumors due to the presence of blood-brain barriers and its distinctive tumor microenvironment.
National pension systems face a range of tough social and economic demands and pressures. These are complex to navigate, especially in a twenty-first century world that has ushered in global uncertainty and pressing challenges - even threatening the planet’s very sustainability – with implications for pensions that policymakers, financial services providers and individuals themselves must address. This book probes, and unpacks, what pension systems aim to achieve, the uncertainties they face and how they are attempting to resolve them. Analysing pension provision from the systemic, political-economy and individual perspectives, it sets out and contextualises commonalities and differences in pension systems across the globe, looking at current developments in both public and private pension provision, structures and regulation. Moreover, the reader is encouraged to question how national pension systems can best serve their populations and ensure the ‘sustainability’ of later-life incomes in the light of today’s global pension challenges. Global Pension Challenges: Pensions, Saving and Retirement in the Twenty‐First Century is an essential read for business, finance and social-policy academics and students, those working in the pensions industry and in the areas of welfare reform and advocacy, as well as the general public wishing to know more about the retirement issues we will all face in the coming years.
As a leading Open Access publisher, Frontiers is committed to empowering not only scientists, but other researchers, innovators and members of the public. As such, highlighting sustainable development and the real-world applications of Drugs Outcomes Research & Policies are a key part to the agenda of Frontiers in Pharmacology. This Research Topic aims to highlight advancements in Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) techniques, methods and tools used by the pharmaceutical industry and other non-academic bodies.
Discover the legacy of Robin Mathews, an influential rabble-rouser, provocateur, and patriot who challenged Canada's elites and inspired a distinct Canadian identity. In this collection of eight original essays, contributors such as Daniel Drache, Pat Smart, Duncan Cameron, and Susan Crean delve into Mathews' profound impact on Canadian politics and culture from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. Mathews passionately debated corporate takeovers, foreign control of trade unions, media ownership, and cultural sovereignty. His charismatic presence and relentless energy galvanized students, professors, politicians, and artists across the country. This collection captures his tireless efforts to promote cultural literacy and economic independence, contributing to the growth of Canadian studies, the Canadian trade union movement, and the Great Canadian Theatre Company.Explore Mathews' enduring influence through insightful essays that celebrate his contributions to Canada's national identity and cultural landscape.
Learn about the important days and events from Nov 2023 with the Important Days and Events Current Affairs E-Book Nov 2023 PDF. Know about International Jaguar Day: 29 Nov, Red Planet Day: 28 Nov, Public Service Broadcasting Day: 12th Nov, etc.
This book addresses the regulation of hybrid warfare under relevant branches of international law, beginning with the law on inter-state use of force (jus ad bellum). Firstly, the book assesses the extent to which forms of hybrid warfare comply with or violate international humanitarian law/the law of armed conflict. It then looks at law enforcement action in response to hybrid warfare, both on land and on the high seas, and addresses hybrid warfare from the perspective of international counterterrorism law. It goes on to tackle the constraints applied to hybrid warfare under international human rights law, and looks at how hybrid warfare could be constrained under disarmament law. The final two chapters look at accountability for the conduct of hybrid warfare, concluding with the question: can we move towards a less fragmented set of international legal rules that will govern hybrid warfare in the future?
These proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 19th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ICCWS 2024), hosted University of Johannesburg, South Africa on 26-27 March 2024. The Conference Chair was Dr. Jaco du Toit, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, and the Program Chair was Prof Brett van Niekerk, from Durban University of Technology. South Africa. ICCWS is a well-established event on the academic research calendar and now in its 19th year, the key aim remains the opportunity for participants to share ideas and meet the people who hold them. The scope of papers will ensure an interesting two days. The subjects covered this year illustrate the wide range of topics that fall into this important and ever-growing area of research.
Traditionally, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy have been used in clinical practice to treat cancer patients. However, these methods are either not completely tumor free or without collateral damage to health tissues. Therefore, tumor recurrence, partial remission, treatment side effect and poor tolerance in elderly patients, and lack of effective strategy to treat late-stage cancers have been the major hurdles faced by clinicians in health care. Although cancer immunotherapy including checkpoint blockade, CAR-T, oncolytic viruses, and recombinant cytokines has taken center stage in mainstream oncology because of its specifically targeting tumor cells without affecting surrounding normal cells, only a proportion of patients receiving treatment respond and others relapse after an initial response. Different tumor indications respond differently, and even in cancer types that respond, unresponsiveness are still observed. This resistance suggests that either lack of sufficient host recognition and immunity (intrinsic) or active immune suppression by tumor complex (acquired).
Recurrence and metastasis of malignancy is a multistep process that involves the escape of tumor cells from the primary location, systemic translocation in the body, and adaptation to the foreign microenvironment of distant sites. The spread of cancer cells is mediated by the interaction between tumor cells (seeds) and the microenvironment of the host organ (soil). Emerging evidence has revealed several stages of the invasion-metastasis cascade, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance escape. Moreover, host organs could develop premetastatic niches and be more vulnerable to cancer cell colonization, adaptation and growth.
Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are a heterogeneous group of rare head and neck cancers made of more than 20 pathologic types. Although the treatments of the early or loco-regionally advanced disease are similar across the different entities, these malignancies have variable biological characteristics and clinical behaviors. These specificities, especially the pathologic type and, when available, the molecular profile, are taken into account while choosing the treatment for the recurrent/metastatic phase. In this context, only few druggable molecular targets have been tested so far and not all are available in clinical practice. However, due to the rarity of SGCs, clinical trials are challenging to conduct, and most of the available evidence comes from retrospective studies.