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Date palms under the Egyptian conditions are subjected to infection with different diseases caused by many soil-borne pathogenic fungi which may cause considerable losses in the offshoots and trees. A survey was carried out during four years 2005-2008 in seven governorates. Aswan governorate showed the highest disease severity (45.00%), followed by Luxor (37.50%), Behaera (30.50%), Marsa-Matrouh (25.00%), Ismailia (5.00%), Sharkyia (3.75%) and Giza (2.50%). Isolation and identification of associated fungi showed that the most frequent fungi were Fusarium spp. and Thielaviopsis paradoxa, while the least frequent were Botrydiplodia theomromae and Rhizctonia solani. The most virulent fungi were F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. solani and T. paradoxa which were responsible for the root rot incidence that started with gradual yellowing that reached the palm tip followed by quick death. All the tested cultivars were susceptible to infection by the isolated pathogenic fungi. Hayany cultivar was the most susceptible to infection, followed by Sammany cultivar. While Zaghloul cultivar was the least susceptible.
Date palm trees are exposed to infection with different diseases caused by many soil-borne pathogenic fungi that may cause considerable losses in the offshoots and trees. This study was carried out on five cvs. of date palm during two years in Aswan and New Valley governorates. Isolation and identification of associated fungi showed that the most frequent fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and Thielaviopsis paradoxa while the least frequent was Phytophthora sp. The cultivars were differed susceptible to infection by the isolated pathogenic fungi. Barhey cultivar was the most susceptible to infection, followed by Gondaila, Siwey and Partmoda cultivars, while Sakkoty cultivar was the least susceptible. Seven streptomycetes were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy date palm cultivated in Aswan governorate. Streptomycetes were namated viz. Streptomyces bobilii (isolate A1, A5 and A7), Streptomyces grisiobrunneus (isolate A2 and A3), Streptomyces albolongus (isolate A4 and A6). Three isolates A1, A6 and A3 of them gave highest results in vitro and in greenhouse experiments against soil-borne pathogenic fungi compared with negative and positive control. The obtained results showed that Streptomyces had the highest efficacy on root rots of date palm. This is the first study done to use actinomycetes against soil-borne pathogenic fungi that caused root rots of date palm.
The decline disease in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has become one of the most severe problems in date palm offshoots of the Egypt. Our previous studies have established that Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Syn: Botryodiplodia theobromae) is one of the fungi causing root rot diseases. This study was carried out in three governorates Bani-suef, Behara and Kaluobia. A survey of governorates was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to collect the root-rotted samples from rhizosphere of declined date palm offshoot and trees. Behara was the most affected governorate with 25.5% disease severity, while in Kaluobia it was 14.5% and in Bani-suef it was 13%. Bartamoda cultivar was the least susceptible to infection by the pathogenic fungus followed by Sakoty, Siwey, Sammany and Zaghloul. L. theobromae was most abundantly isolated fungal pathogen. Colony growth of L. theobromae was maximum at 35ºC and optimum temperature for disease incidence and severity was 30ºC. Relative humidity percentage of 70% is best for the growth of L. theobromae, while the optimum Rh% for disease incidence and severity it was 60%. Water salinity (ECw) at the concentration 15.63 ds/m2 was reduction linear growth of L. theobromae to 17.03%, while at water salinity concentration increased the severity of all cultivars tested. Root exudates from Bartamoda cv. the most effective on growth rate of L. theobromae at concentration 10%, it was reduction linear growth to 41.30%. Jojoba oil proved the best bioagent in vitro suppressing the growth of L. theobromae showing reduction of linear growth to 83.33% at 500 ppm. Plant guard was found the second most effective reduction to 52.96%. Marjoram showed the least efficacy against L. theobromae in all concentrations. Experiments in greenhouse to control the root rot disease proved the Jojoba oil gave the best results to decreased disease severity, followed by Plant guard and the least was Marjoram against L. theobromae at all cultivars tested.
Palms are monocots, Angiosperms, belonging to the family Palmae (Arecaceae), perennials having woody stems. Palmae (Arecaceae) family comprised of about six subfamilies, 200 genera and 2,700 species that are distributed all over the tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean landscape. Palms are diverse (ecologically and morphologically) group of plants. Ornamental palms are important component of landscape as well as interiorscapes. Additionally, these plants are good source of food, feed and shelter with numerous other commercial benefits. Likewise other trees and crops, landscape and field nurseries of palms are also subjected to various threats of insect pest and diseases (caused by different plant pathogens). Amongst fungal diseases leaf spots, leaf blights, Fusarium wilts, butt rots, bud rots, root rots, lethal yellowing and decline of palms are major growth constraints of palm growth. In developing countries very little attention has been paid on the etiology and management of these fungal diseases on ornamental palms. Accurate diagnosis and reliable management plan of palm fungal diseases usually requires expertise in both modern and advanced plant pathological approaches. Historically it was general belief that plant pathogens are not associated with human diseases. Since 19th century, several clinical reports are available indicating many plant pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., Curvularia spp. and Colletotrichum Spp) as novel agents of human diseases. Besides the association of fungal plant pathogens infecting ornamental palms, harbouring any of earlier mentioned or other fungal species (capable of causing certain diseases in human beings or pets) by the ornamental palms cultivation (either grown indoor or outdoor) is an important area of research to be explored and addressed thoroughly. This book will provide the deep information regarding major fungal diseases of ornamental palms, their symptoms, disease identification, and etiology and management strategies. This book will also provide unique knowledge regarding the ornamental palms harbouring kinds of human fungal pathogens and their practical management at domestic and commercial scale, in order to make cultivation of these plant more beneficial for humans, animals and environment.
Several soilborne fungi were isolated from root rots of date palm trees and offshoots, including: Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. solani, Thilaviopsis paradoxa, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro testing, the efficacy of plant extract Marjoram at 100% was the most effective against pathogenic fungi, while garlic as essential oil at 500 ppm and jojoba as fixed oil at 500 ppm were the most effective against pathogenic fungi. Plant-Guard at 3.5 ml/L was the most effective against pathogenic fungi. Topsin M70 was the most effective against pathogenic fungi in vitro. In greenhouse Topsin M70 was the most effective to decreased root rot of date palm.
This book provides complete, comprehensive, and broad subject-based reviews for students, teachers, researchers, policymakers, conservationists, and NGOs interested in the biodiversity and conservation of woody plants. Forests cover approximately 31 percent of the world’s total landmass; 93 percent is natural forest and only 7 percent consists of planted trees. Forest decline is progressing at an alarming rate worldwide. In addition to human activities (logging, deforestation, and exploiting forest lands for agriculture and industrial use), a number of other factors – including pests and diseases, drought, soil acidity, radiation, and ozone – are cumulatively contributing to global forest decline. The present situation forces us to focus on forest conservation strategies for the present and future. Gene conservation and maintaining genetic diversity in forest ecosystems are crucial to the preservation of forest genetic resources. This calls for integrated action to implement both the in situ (on site) preservation of forest stands and ex situ (distant from the original site) strategies for the conservation of woody plants’ genetic resources. Selected priority areas include: 1) assessing patterns of genetic diversity and threats, 2) understanding the biological processes regulating genetic diversity, 3) assessing the impact of human activities and climate change on genetic diversity, and 5) finding methods for prioritizing species and populations for the conservation of forest trees genetic resources. All chapters were written by leading scientists in their respective fields, which include: woody plant diversity, ecology and evolution; assessment of genetic diversity in forest tree populations; conservation planning under climate change; and in situ and ex situ strategies, including biotechnological approaches, for the conservation of woody plants genetic resources.
For the first time in over 20 years, a comprehensive collection of photographs and descriptions of species in the fungal genus Fusarium is available. This laboratory manual provides an overview of the biology of Fusarium and the techniques involved in the isolation, identification and characterization of individual species and the populations in which they occur. It is the first time that genetic, morphological and molecular approaches have been incorporated into a volume devoted to Fusarium identification. The authors include descriptions of species, both new and old, and provide protocols for genetic, morphological and molecular identification techniques. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual also includes some of the evolutionary biology and population genetics thinking that has begun to inform the understanding of agriculturally important fungal pathogens. In addition to practical “how-to” protocols it also provides guidance in formulating questions and obtaining answers about this very important group of fungi. The need for as many different techniques as possible to be used in the identification and characterization process has never been greater. These approaches have applications to fungi other than those in the genus Fusarium. This volume presents an introduction to the genus Fusarium, the toxins these fungi produce and the diseases they can cause. "The Fusarium Laboratory Manual is a milestone in the study of the genus Fusarium and will help bridge the gap between morphological and phylogenetic taxonomy. It will be used by everybody dealing with Fusarium in the Third Millenium." --W.F.O. Marasas, Medical Research Council, South Africa
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book provides a fresh, updated and science-based perspective on the current status and prospects of the diverse array of topics related to the potato, and was written by distinguished scientists with hands-on global experience in research aspects related to potato. The potato is the third most important global food crop in terms of consumption. Being the only vegetatively propagated species among the world’s main five staple crops creates both issues and opportunities for the potato: on the one hand, this constrains the speed of its geographic expansion and its options for international commercialization and distribution when compared with commodity crops such as maize, wheat or rice. On the other, it provides an effective insulation against speculation and unforeseen spikes in commodity prices, since the potato does not represent a good traded on global markets. These two factors highlight the underappreciated and underrated role of the potato as a dependable nutrition security crop, one that can mitigate turmoil in world food supply and demand and political instability in some developing countries. Increasingly, the global role of the potato has expanded from a profitable crop in developing countries to a crop providing income and nutrition security in developing ones. This book will appeal to academics and students of crop sciences, but also policy makers and other stakeholders involved in the potato and its contribution to humankind’s food security.
This important reference book is the first comprehensive resource worldwide that reflects research achievements in date palm biotechnology, documenting research events during the last four decades, current status, and future outlook. This book is essential for researchers, policy makers, and commercial entrepreneurs concerned with date palm. The book is invaluable for date palm biotechnology students and specialists. This monument is written by an international team of experienced researchers from both academia and industry. It consists of five sections covering all aspects of date palm biotechnology including A) Micropropagation, B) Somaclonal Variation, Mutation and Selection, C) Germplasm Biodiversity and Conservation, D) Genetics and Genetic Improvement, and E) Metabolites and Industrial Biotechnology. The book brings together the principles and practices of contemporary date palm biotechnology. Each chapter contains background knowledge related to the topic, followed by a comprehensive literature review of research methodology and results including the authors own experience including illustrative tables and photographs.