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This addition to The Basics of Recharge and Discharge series deals with the surface water balance approaches that form the traditional basis of hydrological investigations. It explores both field methods and modelling methods for measuring or estimating the different parts of the water balance, including rainfall, evaporation, run-off and soil water storage. The authors discuss the concepts required to understand a surface water balance result or to set up an experiment. As water balance studies can be both time-consuming and expensive, this report will give readers a better understanding of water balance approaches and the considerations before going into a water balance study for the purpose of deep drainage.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Water Science and Application Series, Volume 9. Groundwater recharge, the flux of water across the water table, is arguably the most difficult component of the hydrologic cycle to measure. In arid and semiarid regions the problem is exacerbated by extremely small recharge fluxes that are highly variable in space and time. --from the Preface Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States speaks to these issues by presenting new interpretations and research after more than two decades of discipline-wide study. Discussions ondeveloping environmental tracers to fingerprint sources and amounts of groundwater at the basin scalethe critical role of vegetation in hydroecological processesnew geophysical methods in quantifying channel rechargeapplying Geographical Information System (GIS) models to land surface processescoupling process-based vadose zone to groundwater modeling, and more make this book a significant resource for hydmlogists, biogeoscientists, and geochemists concerned with water and water-related issues in arid and semiarid regions.
In view of the rapidly expanding urban, industrial and agri cultural water requirements in many areas and the normally associated critical unreliability of surface water supplies in arid and semi-arid zones, groundwater exploration and use is of fundamental importance for logical economic development. Two interrelated facets should be evident in all such groundwater projects : (a) definition of groundwater recharge mechanisms and characteristics for identified geological formations, in order to determine whether exploitation in the long-term involves 'mining' of an es sentially 'fossil' resource or withdrawal from a dynamic supply. A solution to this aspect is essential for development of a re source management policy: (b) determination of recharge variability in time and space to thus enable determination of total aquifer input and to quantify such practical aspects as 'minimum risk' waste disposal locations and artificial recharge potential via (e.g.) devegetation or engi neering works. However, current international developments relating to natural recharge indicate the following 'problems' ; no single comprehensive estimation technique can yet be iden tified from the spectrum of methods available; all are reported to give suspect results.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Estimation of Natural Recharge of Groundwater (with special reference to Arid and Semi-Arid Regions), Antalya, Side, Turkey, March 8-15, 1987
For each grid cell, the Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) code used the hydrologic soil classification, land cover classification, available soil moisture capacity, surface flow direction, and daily climatic data of precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature. The SWB code calculated an estimation of recharge, in vertical inches of water, for each individual cell for each individual day and summarized the data as daily, monthly, or yearly outputs. Each cell took the inputs of precipitation, snowmelt, and surface water inflow then subtracted the outputs of interception, evapotranspiration, and surface water outflow. Any excess water from this summation was used to satisfy the available soil moisture, and when that quantity had been met, all remaining water was considered to be groundwater recharge.