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The aim of the WHO/GPA Special Project was to help different countries of central and eastern Europe (CCEE), the Newley Independent States (NIS) and theRussian Federation design an appropriate and cost effeicient surveillance system for HIV infection according to WHO/GPA recommendations and according totheir countries' specific needs. Two intercountry workshop on surveillance of HIV with specific objecties to review basic epidemiological principles underlying HIV surveillance, and to develop draft protocols for HIV surveillance or revise or further develop the existing protocols for HIV surveillance were implemented during 1995. Participants from Albania, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia attended the first one in Bratislava and participants from Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Republic of Moldona, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine attended the second one in Minsk. Representatives from all invited countries accepted WHO/GPA recommendations for HIV surveillance and felt confident to be able to implement proposed surveillance systems intheir countries, however, not all considered immediate widespread implementation feasble. Support to further development and strengthening of methodologically sound and effective surveillance systems for HIV and integration with the surveillance systems forsexually transmitted diseases should be one of the priorities for WHO and UNAIDS.
"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
This comprehensive, up-to-date reference book is intended to serve as the standard guide in the field. It covers the epidemiology and etiology of the various sexually transmitted infections and associated diseases, reviews novel diagnostic methods, and discusses in depth both new and established treatment methods. An important part of the book is devoted to prevention and particularly to immunoprevention by vaccination. Related issues such as sexual abuse, psychosocial aspects, and economic and political considerations are also included. The expertise of many worldwide renowned specialists and superb color illustrations make this book a valuable resource for practitioners from a variety of medical disciplines. It has a reader-friendly structure with “core messages” and “take-home pearls”.
Although adopting global norms often improves domestic systems of governance, domestic obstacles to norm diffusion are frequent. States that decide to reinvent their political authority simultaneously evaluate which current global norms are desirable and to what extent. In this study, Vlad Kravtsov argues that recent debates about the nature of authority in Putin's Russia and Mbeki's South Africa have resulted in a set of unique ideas on the cardinal goals of the state. This is the first book to explore how these consensual ideas have shaped health governance and impinged on norm diffusion processes. Detailed comparisons of HIV/AIDS governance systems in Russia and South Africa illustrate the argument. The Kremlin's dislike of international recommendations stemmed from the rapidly maturing statism and great power syndrome. Pretoria's responses to global AIDS norms were consistent with the ideas of the African Renaissance, which highlighted indigenousness, market-based empowerment, and moral leadership in global affairs. This book explains how and why the governments under investigation framed the nature of the epidemic, provided evidence-based prevention services, increased universal access to proven lifesaving medicines, and interacted with other participants in social practice.
Increases in life expectancy, combined with changes in lifestyles are leading to global epidemics of cancer and other chronic diseases. These may cause an increase in human suffering and disability. This report focuses on chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer and heart disease, diabetes and rheumatic conditions and mental and neurological disorders. It examines the causes of these diseases and highlights the main risk factors in their development. In each area, priorities for international action in terms of prevention, treatment, cure and rehabilitation are suggested. This report focuses on major chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer and heart disease, diabetes and rheumatic conditions, and mental and neurological disorders. It shows that the bonuses of an increasing life span are in danger of being outweighed by the burden of chronic diseases which kill over 24 million people a year, nearly half of all deaths worldwide.
The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the world's vulnerabilities to health and economic ruin from disease outbreaks. But the pandemic merely reveals fundamental weaknesses and contradictions in global health. What are the roots of discontents in global health? How do geo-politics, power dynamics, knowledge gaps, racism, and corruption affect global health? Is foreign aid for health due for a radical overhaul?This book is an incisive guide to the practice of global health in real life. Global health policy is at a crossroads. It is on trial at the interface between the Global North and the Global South. There has been remarkable progress in health outcomes over the past century. Yet, countries face a complex landscape of lofty ambitions in the form of political commitments to Universal Health Coverage, Human Capital, and Global Health Security. These ambitions are tempered by multiple constraints. Investors in global health must navigate a minefield of uneven progress, great expectations, and denials of scientific evidence by entrenched interests. That terrain is further complicated by the hegemonic suppression of innovation that threatens the status quo and by self-perpetuating cycles of dependency of the Global South on the Global North.This book is an unflinching scrutiny of concepts and cases by a veteran of global health policy and practice. It holds a mirror to the world and lays out pathways to a better future. The book is a must-have GPS for policy makers and practitioners as they navigate the maze of global health.