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The Cold War was a time of ultimate technological, military, and political competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. Proxy wars were fought between countries supported by one of the two superpowers of the United States or the Soviet Union. The United States and Soviet Union put their powers to the test in the arms race and the space race. This book describes how the landscape of war was forever changed as these formidable forces pursued political power through technology and weapons.
Vividly written and based on up-to-date scholarship, this title provides an interpretive overview of the international history of the Cold War.
Drawn into a conflict in a country far away from An Arath, our adventurers battle against humans in the service of evil. Strong allies are found… but will they remain victorious when deadlier supernatural enemies are discovered? Will victories on new battlefields prove decisive, or are the conflicts merely a distraction, hiding a greater plan? Discover a world ruled by sorceresses and join them in their struggle to make the world a better place. Who'll ultimately decide the fate of the world—and what will that future look like?
The growth of Soviet power prompted concern from the United States. President Truman asserted that the United States needed to prevent Communism from becoming stronger. His warning to Congress became known as the Truman Doctrine. When General George Marshall visited Europe, he feared that Europe's weak economy would encourage the growth of Communism. He established an initiative to provide economic support to rebuild Europe, which had been devastated by the war. This initiative was nicknamed the Marshall Plan. Congress was reluctant at first but ultimately approved the plan when Czechoslovakia became Communist in 1948. This book gives an in-depth discussion of European integration and the influence of Communism on Western Europe.
The looming threat of Communist expansion led the United States and eleven Western nations to establish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Responding to NATO, the Soviet Union and the Communist Eastern bloc formed the Warsaw Pact. European nations soon aligned with one of the opposing military forces. This book takes a closer look at how NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and the Iron Curtain played a role in the sharp political division between the West and East.
Academic Paper from the year 2024 in the subject Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict, Security, University of Ghana, Legon, language: English, abstract: This research paper investigates the rise of intra-state conflicts in Africa following the end of the Cold War, analyzing the historical, economic, political, and social factors contributing to these conflicts. Employing a qualitative historical-analytical framework, the study explores how the withdrawal of superpower support, state failure, anarchism, and the neglect of internal conflict drivers have fueled intra-state conflicts across the continent. Case studies of Somalia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Angola illustrate the impact of state collapse and elite dominance on conflict dynamics. The paper also examines the role of economic factors, particularly resource wealth, in perpetuating conflicts, and highlights the consequences of neglecting intra-state issues, as exemplified by the Rwandan Genocide. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of inclusive governance and political reforms in mitigating conflict, drawing on the transition to democracy in South Africa as a successful model. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies that address both immediate triggers and underlying causes of intra-state conflicts, with recommendations for strengthening state institutions, promoting inclusive governance, diversifying economies, and enhancing international engagement. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay of factors driving intra-state conflicts in Africa and offers insights for developing effective conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies.
At the height of the Cold War, Soviet ideologues, policymakers, diplomats, and military officers perceived the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America as the future reserve of socialism, holding the key to victory over Western forces. The zero-sum nature of East-West global competition induced the United States to try to thwart Soviet ambitions. The result was predictable: the two superpowers engaged in proxy struggles against each other in faraway, little-understood lands, often ending up entangled in protracted and highly destructive local fights that did little to serve their own agendas. Using a wealth of recently declassified sources, this book tells the complex story of Soviet involvement in the Horn of Africa, a narrowly defined geographic entity torn by the rivalry of two large countries (Ethiopia and Somalia), from the beginning of the Cold War until the demise of the Soviet Union. At different points in the twentieth century, this region—arguably one of the poorest in the world—attracted broad international interest and large quantities of advanced weaponry, making it a Cold War flashpoint. The external actors ultimately failed to achieve what they wanted from the local conflicts—a lesson relevant for U.S. policymakers today as they ponder whether to use force abroad in the wake of the unhappy experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan.
In the late 1950s, space became the new source of conflict for the United States and the Soviet Union. The world changed in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. The world's first satellite, Sputnik prompted advances in science and technology. Each side was determined to demonstrate technological acumen and military prowess through the ultimate space race. This book explores how technological power was used in the fight for political dominance.
The bulk of social science theories explaining civil war focus on endogenous factors, generally ignoring the systemic effects of superpower rivalry during the Cold War. This study directly estimates US and Soviet rivalry by assessing the impact of CIA and KGB support to surrogates in proxy wars. Our results show that CIA support increases the risk of civil war, results that are robust to several alternative explanations and bias from endogeneity. CIA and KGB support, however, lowered the duration of wars that they may have generated, compared with other types of war, for instance ethnic wars. Superpower assistance to surrogates show a substantively large effect compared to the usual determinants of civil war, such as per capita income. It seems that ignoring systemic factors, particularly the interests of great powers only partially explain why some civil wars are more feasible than others. Proxy wars due to great power rivalry also possibly explain the bulk of current civil wars, and their lethality might be explained as the lack of restraint that the superpowers had to show to avoid a direct war between them. These results suggest that theories aimed at understanding why endogenous country conditions make civil war more feasible focus also on exogenous factors, such as great power rivalry. The question of proxiness also potentially challenges notions of commitment and time-inconsistency problems associated with explanations of why agents fail to find less costly bargains compared with fighting.
How do enduring rivalries between states affect international relations?