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Intended for the social scientist who must develop a rating on attitudes, values and opinions, this text provides information on the construction of more effective scales. It includes information on how to validate a scale and how to develop a summated rating scale based on classical test theory.
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"This book is concerned with techniques for the construction of attitude scales. Once a set of attitude statements has been collected, there are two general methods that have been used in the development of attitude scales. One of these methods involves the use of a judging group. The judging group is not asked to respond to the statements in terms of their own agreement or disagreement with them, but rather to judge the degree of favorableness or unfavorableness expressed by each statement. These judgments are then used as a basis for determining scale values of the statements upon a psychological continuum. Once the scale values of the statements are known, subjects can then be asked to express their agreement or disagreement with the individual statements. Attitude scores for these subjects can then be obtained based upon the prior knowledge of the scale values of the statements. The judgment methods for constructing attitude scales differ only in the manner in which the judgments and scale values of the statements are obtained. They include the method of paired comparisons, the method of equal-appearing intervals, and the method of successive intervals. These methods are described in Chapters 2 through 5. A second method of developing attitude scales is based upon direct responses of agreement or disagreement with attitude statements. Since the response methods do not require prior knowledge of the scale values of the statements in any exact sense, a judging group is not necessary. It is sufficient for the response methods if one can assume that the response "agree" to a statement indicates a more favorable attitude than the response "disagree," or vice versa. The response methods for constructing attitude scales include the method of summated ratings and scalogram analysis. These methods are presented in Chapters 6 and 7. Another method for constructing an attitude scale that makes use of both judgments and responses is described in Chapter 8. This method is termed the scale-discrimination technique. It is an early effort upon the part of Kilpatrick and myself at a synthesis of a scaling and a response method for developing an attitude scale. H-technique, as described in Chapter 9, is also a response method. It has as its objective the improvement of a cumulative scale--a kind of scale about which more will be said in the text. In this chapter I have also described another effort at a synthesis of scaling and response methods which, for want of a better name, I have called W-technique. This, in brief, represents the content of this book"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
This series of methodological works provides introductory explanations and demonstrations of various data analysis techniques applicable to the social sciences. Designed for readers with a limited background in statistics or mathematics, this series aims to make the assumptions and practices of quantitative analysis more readily accessible.
This volume highlights the theory that decisions made during the design of a data collection instrument influence the kind of data and the format of the data that are available for analysis. Opening with a discussion on the selection of the data collection technique(s) and how this impacts on data processing and the data for later analysis, the book covers key issues such as: should you create your own instrument for a questionnaire? how do you test a questionnaire? what are the characteristics of good data processing? how to deal with missing data? how to scale an evaluation and create subfiles for analysis? In addition, each major section concludes with examples and when appropriate, directs the reader to commonly available computer software that can aid in data processing.
Author Paul E. Spector provides a clear introduction to the principles of experimental and non-experimental design, including single group design, pre-test, post-test designs, and factorial designs. Spector also covers hierarchical designs, multivariate designs, the Solomon four group design, panel designs, and designs with concomitant variables.
Distilling the vast literature on this most frequently studied variable in organizational behavior, Paul E. Spector provides students and professionals with a pithy overview of the research and application of job satisfaction. In addition to discussing the nature of and techniques for assessing job satisfaction, this text summarizes the findings regarding how people feel toward work, including cultural and gender differences in job satisfaction, personal and organizational antecedents, potential consequences, and interventions to improve job satisfaction. Students, researchers, and practitioners will particularly appreciate the extensive list of references and the Job Satisfaction Survey included in the Appendix. This book includes the latest research and new topics including the business case for job satisfaction, customer service, disabled workers, leadership, mental health, organizational climate, virtual work, and work-family issues. Further, paulspector.com features an ongoing series of blog articles, links to assessments mentioned in the book, and other resources on job satisfaction to coincide with this text. This book is ideal for professionals, researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students in industrial and organizational psychology and organizational behavior, as well as in specialized courses on job attitudes or job satisfaction. .
In the Third Edition of The Psychology Research Handbook editors Frederick T. L. Leong and James T. Austin have assembled experienced expert researchers to provide graduate students and research assistants with a comprehensive framework for conducting many types of psychology research. The book is organized around the idea of a "research script," following the step-by-step process of research planning, design, data collection, analysis, and disseminating research. Many chapters are coauthored by advanced graduate students to give their fellow students a sense of real-world research, adding to the clarity and practicality of many chapters. Students and instructors alike will appreciate chapters on topics typically missing from introductory methods texts, including applying for research grants, dealing with journal editors and reviewers, working within research teams, and conducting cross-cultural research. Structures such as recommended readings and exercises guide students to develop and expand their research skills. New chapters include Power and Evidence, IRB as Critical Collaborators in Research, Alternative Data Collection Strategies, Structural Equation Modeling and Replicability and Reproducibility. A comprehensive, easy-to-understand guide to the entire research process, this book quickly and efficiently equips advanced students and research assistants to conduct a full research project.
Intended for beginning graduate or advanced undergraduate students, this book provides a comprehensive review of research methods used in psychology and related disciplines. It covers topics that are often omitted in other texts including correlational and qualitative research and integrative literature reviews. Basic principles are reviewed for those who need a refresher. The focus is on conceptual issues ¿ statistics are kept to a minimum. Featuring examples from all fields of psychology, the book addresses laboratory and field research. Chapters are written to be used independently, so instructors can pick and choose those that fit their course needs. Reorganized to parallel the steps of the research process, tips on writing reports are also provided. Each chapter features an outline, key terms, a summary, and questions and exercises that integrate chapter topics and put theory into practice. A glossary and an annotated list of readings are now included. Extensively updated throughout, the new edition features a new co-author, Mary Kite, and: ¿ New chapters on qualitative research and content analysis and another on integrative literature reviews including meta-analysis, critical techniques for today¿s research environment. ¿ A new chapter on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis that addresses the use of path analysis and structural equation modeling. ¿ A new chapter on how to write a research report using APA style. ¿ Examples from cross-cultural and multi-cultural research, neuroscience, cognitive, and developmental psychology along with ones from social, industrial, and clinical psychology. ¿ More on Internet research and studies. ¿ Greatly expanded Part 3 on research designs with chapters on true experiments, field research, correlational and single-case designs, content analysis, and survey and qualitative research. ¿ A website with PowerPoint slides for each chapter, a test bank with short answer and multiple choice questions, additional teaching resources, and the tables and figures from the book for Instructor¿s and chapter outlines, suggested readings, and links to related web sites for students. Intended as a text for beginning graduate and/or advanced undergraduate courses in research methods or experimental methods or design taught in psychology, human development, family studies, education, or other social and behavioral sciences, a prerequisite of undergraduate statistics and a beginning research methods course is assumed.
As well as explaining how to conduct effective social research surveys the author of Surveys in Social Research provides a range of tools to enable the reader to become a critical consumer of research findings.