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This study describes the assessments of human exposure to 11 priority contaminants identified in the 1994 Canada-Ontario Agreement. These assessments incorporate exposure of the population to persistent contaminants through the ingestion of food and water, the incidental ingestion of soil and house dust and the inhalation of ambient and indoor air.
Pollution threatens the Laurentian Great Lakes and is a serious problem. This book examines what is known about the major classes of persistent toxic organic pollutants. Agricultural runoff, urban waste, industrial discharge, landfill leachate, and atmospheric deposition, are all to blame. Contamination of the various ecosystems is reviewed, and what is known about the effects of this pollution. This volume provides an invaluable resource for those in environmental research, measurements, and decision making concerning the Great Lakes.
This book reviews the globally important freshwater resource of the Great Lakes, which is currently threatened by contaminants that compromise water quality and impact its ecological and economic health. Divided into four parts, this volume covers historic, current and emerging sources of contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to microplastics; and identifies their ecological impacts. Due to factors ranging from rapidly changing land use practices, climate change and our emerging understanding of their impact on biological, chemical and physical interactions, the effectiveness of management strategies has proven highly variable. Continued enhancements in the rate of lake recovery are required to sustain the health of the Great Lakes. Accordingly, the book also explores recent advances in contaminant detection, along with future steps forward in lake management approaches. Revealing our current knowledge gaps and providing a roadmap towards sustainable solutions, the book offers a valuable asset for scientists, managers and the public alike.
This report contains a detailed review of the literature on contaminants, exposure, and health effects of those contaminants in the Great Lakes basin. The report is based on a series of papers prepared for the Great Lakes Health Effects Program, and is supplemented by additional data from related studies. After an introduction on health concerns in the basin and an overview of priority contaminants (organochlorines, metals, radionuclides, microbes, and airborne contaminants), further sections of the review cover the following topics: adverse health effects of persistent environmental contaminants in fish and wildlife; biomarkers for exposure and health effects; human exposure to chemical contaminants and their health effects; reproductive and developmental effects; neurotoxicity; immunotoxic effects; cancer incidence in the basin; health effects associated with radionuclides; Great Lakes water quality and effects associated with microbial contaminants; air quality and associated respiratory health effects; and overall conclusions.
Overall this report presents a multi-faceted message of interest to environmental health specialists, policy-makers and the 36 million Canadian and U.S. citizens who live in communities surrounding the Great Lakes. Researchers know more about environmental health issues in the region than they ever did. This report summarizes detailed research on a range of priority contaminants including PCBs, lead and mercury.
Distributed by the Government of Canada Depository Services Program.
`Are the Great Lakes getting better or worse?' This is the question that the public, scientists and managers are asking the International Joint Commission after a quarter-century of cooperative action by the United States and Canadian governments to clean up the Great Lakes. This volume contains papers from the workshop on Environmental Results, hosted in Windsor, Ontario, by the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board of the International Joint Commission, on September 12 and 13, 1996. The Great Lakes have been through almost a century of severe pollution from the manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals. In the 1960s wildlife biologists started to investigate the outbreaks of reproductive failure in fish-eating birds and ranch mink and to link these to exposure to organochlorine compounds. Human health researchers in the 1980s and 1990s linked growth retardation, behavioral anomalies and deficits in cognitive development with maternal consumption of Great Lakes fish prior to pregnancy. The Great Lakes became the laboratory where the theory of endocrine disruptors was first formulated. Now a group of Great Lakes scientists, hosted by the International Joint Commission, has compiled the story of the trends in the concentrations and effects of persistent toxic substances on wildlife and humans. The technical papers review the suitability of various organisms as indicators, and present the results of long-term monitoring of the concentrations and of the incidence of effects. The evidence shows that there was an enormous improvement in the late 1970s, but that in the late 1990s there are still concentrations of some persistent toxic substances that have stubbornly remained at levels that continue to cause toxicological effects.
Chapters: historical overview; persistent toxic substances; pathways of exposure; a review of the Great Lakes (GL) human health literature; human health studies outside of the Great Lakes -- exposure to similar persistent toxic substances; limitations of human health studies; characterization of exposure and determination of the profiles and levels in human biologic tissues and fluids; identification of sensitive and specific human reproductive end points; determination of the short- and long-term risk(s) of adverse health effects in the children of exposed parents; and establishment of registries &/or surveillance cohorts in the GL. Illustrated.
In 1990, Congress amended the Great Lakes (GL) Critical Programs Act, also known as the Fed. Water Pollution Control Act, mandating that the EPA and the ATSDR and the GL states submit a research report assessing the harmful human health effects of water pollutants in the GL basin. ATSDR developed the GL Health Effects Research Strategy to identify human populations residing in the GL basin that may be at greater risk of exposure to chemical contaminants, and to help prevent any adverse health effects. This report provides insight into ATSDR efforts to assess the adverse effects of water pollutants in the GL system on the health of people in the GL states.