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At the FIP Symposiu m on Concrete Sea Structures, which was held on 28-29 September 1 972 in Tbilisi, Georgia, the participants unanimously agreed that c oncrete was bound to play a major if not the leading part in the rapidly developing field of offshore construction. It was also agreed that the discovery of oil and gas in the North Sea had produced an immediate and exciting challenge in the demand for the construction of fixed structures in marine environments which, in terms of hostile natura! forces, would far exceed anything tackled by engineers to date. It was therefore decided to set up an FIP Commission on Concrete Sea Structures under the chairmanship of Mr Fr,óde Hansen which would report to the FIP Seventh Congress in New York in May 1974 . It seemed natura! to divide the tasks of the Commission into three working groups: Design, Materials, and Construction Methods. It soon became apparent that the demands for structures subjected to deep and hostile waters were so great and so pressing that it was decided to accelerate the work of the Design and Materials Working Groups, and to produce the first edition of these Recommendations before the New York Congres s . The Chairmen for the two Working Groups were Mr Kurt Eriksson and Dr Odd Gjprv respectively. The publication of these Recommendations has been made possible by the li vely interest of these two groups and by the valuable assistance of Mr D. Palmer and Mr B. Spratt of the C ement and Concrete Association and Mr M. D. Hazen of Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons Ltd. The Recommendations have been published with the approval of the FIP Administrati ve Council. The work of the Construction Methods Working Group has not been included in this edition since practical construction experience in this most challenging field is still quite limited. The successful completion of the Ekofisk Storage Tank has added tremendously to obtaining practical experience, and this, with the fact that two larger concrete offshore platforms will soon be under c onstruction, offers the promise that future editions will be augmented by some very valuable practical construction experience.
Concreting in cold weather requires special knowledge and skills to ensure accelerated hardening and high quality in plain- and reinforced-concrete structures. Cold Weather Concreting familiarizes concrete specialists with the characteristic features of concrete in cold weather, including the effects of frost, methods for hardening in subzero temperatures, and other challenges in cold-weather concreting. Both practical techniques and their underlying theories are covered. The book presents many methods for the thermal treatment of concrete by means of electric current--information previously available only in the Russian literature. It presents unique data in the form of diagrams, drawings, and tables, including a chart of the phase state of concretes of different strengths in the process of freezing at different temperatures, the variation of concrete strains in freezing and thawing, and a diagram of electric fields in concrete when electrodes are placed in front of stirrups.
This book provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of durability of the frost resistance of concrete. It will enable both concrete materials specialists and practising engineers to better understand the deterioration processes which take place during freezing and thawing, and the effects of de-icing salts on concrete. It shows how test pro