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Contents: I. Introduction. II. Symbolic analysis of religious architecture. III. Indianization in Southeast Asia: lineage one: 1. Religious foundations. 2. Architecture. 3. Java. 4. Cambodia. 5. Champa. IV. Burma : lineage two: 1. Thai Era. 2. The lineages of stupa forms. V. The philosophical Indianization of Northeast Asia : the third lineage: 1. China. 2. Korea. 3. Japan. 4. Tibet. 5. Mongolia. 6. The Tibetan stupa. Bibliography."This work seeks to explore the development of East Asian architecture based upon its borrowings from the Indian stupa. While most scholars agree that some features of East Asian religious architecture have been strongly influenced by the symbolic architecture of the stupa, this study specifically seeks to identify three distinct architectural "lineages" originating from India to East Asia. These lineages were inspired by the work of Liang Ssu-Ch?eng who first identified several "families" of pagoda structures in Mainland China in the early part of the 20 century. However, here we extend our search to all the nations that have employed the stupa architecture outside India (and Nepal). These other lineages have been identified through careful analysis in archaeological, anthropological, historical, and religious studies."The first of these lineages extends through Indo-China and Indonesia. The second lineage is mainly found extending through Burma. Both lineages, one and two, meet together in later Thai architecture. The third lineage extends across Central Asia to the shores and nations of Far East Asia, such as Japan, Korea and China. As all the lineages are demonstrated to be imbued and propagated by the scared and ancient symbolism of India, each chapter examines the history of Indian thought as it was introduced into a region and then discusses the features of the most well known structures of that region." (jacket)
Bringing together the latest research on stupas in South Asia, this volume includes new conceptual paradigms as well as new approaches to monuments, sculpture, material culture, and textual interpretation. The collection utilizes archaeological, art historical and epigraphic evidence in broader cultural and historical frameworks to enrich our understanding, not only of stupa monuments but also ancient Buddhism and the wider history to which they pertain.
Among all the religious monuments of the world, the stupa has the longest uninterrupted historical development. Though modelled after the Indian prototype, the stupa architecture was developed in all the countries where Buddhism had flourished. Over time, the structural shape of the stupa underwent significant modifications in India and the other Asian Buddhist countries.The present study shows how Tibet became a treasure house of Buddhist culture and literature--highlighting important texts dealing with stupa architecture. Various ritual activities associated with the construction of the stupa are described along with the eight fundamental types of Tibeto-Buddhist stupas and their main structural components. A survey of the stupas found in the upper Indus Valley in the Leh region of Ladakh shows their similarity to the Tibeto-Buddhist tradition. The value of the book is enhanced by an appendix with English translation of four important Tibetan texts preceded by transliteration.This monograph is the first in the new sub-series of the IGNCA on the Buddhist stupas, which would not be restricted to India alone. It is hoped that such studies will enable the art-historians and archaeologists to understand this important structural form in totality in relation to its wide geographical spread and the distinctive features of particular developments in different countries.
Since the dramatic discovery and tragic destruction of the monument in the 19th century, the Amarāvatī stūpa in the south-east Deccan has attracted many scholars but has also left many unanswered questions. Akira Shimada's Early Buddhist Architecture in Context provides an updated and comprehensive chronology of the stūpa and its architectural development based on the latest sculptural, epigraphic and numismatic evidence combined with the survey of the early excavation records. It also examines the wider social milieu of the south-east Deccan by exploring archaeological, epigraphic and related textual evidence. These analyses reveal that the flowering of the stūpa was not a simple accomplishment of the powerful Sātavāhana dynasty, but was the result of the long-term development of urbanization of this region between ca. 200 BCE-250 CE.
This book deals with the technical, artistic and architectural aspects of the Hindu and Buddhist monuments from the beginning until today in Southeast Asia.
A close analysis of the architecture of the stupa—a Buddhist symbolic form that is found throughout South, Southeast, and East Asia. The author, who trained as an architect, examines both the physical and metaphysical levels of these buildings, which derive their meaning and significance from Buddhist and Brahmanist influences.
Kurt Behrendt in this book for the first time and convincingly offers a description of the development of 2nd century B.C.E. to 8th century C.E. Buddhist sacred centers in ancient Gandhara, today northwest Pakistan.
The Umbrella As A Symbol Of Religious Sovereignty; The Evolution Of Stupa; Kerala Architecture And Himalayan Architecture.