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Decreases in the cost of renewable energy systems such as solar panels and wind turbines, increasing demand for renewable energy sources to provide a sustainable future, and worldwide regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have made renewable energy sources (RES) the strongest candidate to substitute for oil/gas power plants. Rich natural resources in Newfoundland and Labrador have established the province as a resource-based powerhouse. Hence, study of renewable energy setups for this region is of prominent importance. Renewable energy systems are chiefly categorized into the small-scale stand-alone and large-scale grid-connected systems. Generally, the term "large-scale renewable energy" refers to any large renewable energy projects (e.g. 100 KW or greater) which can make a significant contribution to energy needs. However, in this thesis it refers to wind farms due to the small amount of annual solar radiation in the Newfoundland region. The term "small-scale or local scale renewable energy" refers to personal and communal renewable energy harnessing systems mainly located in rural areas far from the grid. The largest differences between local scale and large scale systems are installation and maintenance costs, the magnitude of the energy harnessing systems, resilience ability (the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and still retain its basic function), and energy storage capabilities. These differences mean that system design and analysis will be different for each category. This thesis aims to model, simulate and analyze the stand-alone and grid-connected setups of renewable energy systems customized for Newfoundland in order to meet current and future electricity needs with environmentally friendly, stable, and competitively priced power. It details potential design improvements as follows: (1) Small-scale renewable energy systems can be combined with conventional generators and energy storage devices in Hybrid Power Systems (HPS) to overcome the intermittency and uncontrollability issues of renewable power generators. Proper design of such a system is crucial for reliable, economic, and eco-friendly operation. In this thesis, a unique methodology for optimally sizing the combination of wind turbine, solar panel, and a battery bank in a Wind-PV Hybrid system is introduced. This method allows 2% lack of power supply in a year. Two off-grid systems are detailed and modeled in Matlab code and the sizing results of both systems are then compared to the results of the Homer software. Proposed method of sizing results in 30% of reduction to the initial cost of the system. (2) Solar panels are often installed in climates with a considerable amount of snowfall and freezing rain in winter. For instance, St. John's on the Avalon Peninsula received more than three meters of snow in 2014. The optimal sizing objective of the solar panel in all renewable energy systems is to harness the maximum energy from solar insolation. Since snow accumulation poses an obstacle to the performance of solar panels, reducing their efficiency, it is essential to remove snow from panels as soon as possible. The design of a system that can accurately detect snow on panels and sends alerts in case of snow cover can play a significant role in the improvement of solar panel efficiency. This system was designed, built, and then tested for three months during the winter of 2014 in the engineering building at Memorial University of Newfoundland (47°34'28.9"N 52°44'07.8"W) using solar panels, a battery, a load, a microcontroller, a voltage and a current sensor, and a light dependent resistor. This system proves capable of precisely identifying more than 5 cm of snow accumulation on solar panels and sending alerts. (3) In large-scale renewable energy systems, proper investigation of the grid connection impact of wind farms is essential for the following reasons: Firstly, in wind turbines, generating systems are different from conventional grid coupled synchronous generators and interact differently with the power system. Secondly, the specific type of applied wind turbine has some aspects of interaction with the grid, particularly for wind turbines with and without power electronic converters. Analyzing connection of large-scale wind farms, simulating 500MW of wind capacity to the isolated grid of Newfoundland with the purpose of probing stability and reliability of the grid is conducted in "phasor simulation type" using Matlab/ Simulink. As a case study, the impact of the Fermeuse wind farm (46o58'42''N 52o57'18''W) on the isolated grid of Newfoundland is explored in "discrete simulation type" for three permissible scenarios, which are constant wind speed, variable wind speed, and reconnection of the wind farm to the grid. Results indicate that variable wind speeds cause very small fluctuations in the frequency and the current injected into the grid, meaning the grid is quite stiff. Also, system trip and reconnection will result in a frequency variation of 0.35 Hz, where some harmonics coming from the converter can be noticed, and voltage variation of less than 5%.
The increasing demand and consumption of energy resulted in today's energy crisis. In order to overcome the burden on limited fuels and to sustain the growth of industries and comfortable living, there is a need to switch to the "utilization of renewable energy resources." Whereas, to develop renewable energy systems not only their familiarization is important but also simple and cost effective techniques are required to easily bring these system in practical forms. This book covers introduction to renewable energy systems and also helps to develop small scale renewable energy systems both in islanded and grid connected modes.
The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a need of global society. This editorial, and its associated Special Issue “Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Sources”, offers a compilation of some of the recent advances in the analysis of current power systems that are composed after the high penetration of distributed generation (DG) with different RESs. The focus is on both new control configurations and on novel methodologies for the optimal placement and sizing of DG. The eleven accepted papers certainly provide a good contribution to control deployments and methodologies for the allocation and sizing of DG.
This book identifies the challenges, solutions, and opportunities offered by smart energy grids (SEGs) with regard to the storage and regulation of diversified energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, and ocean energy. It provides a detailed analysis of the stability and availability of renewable sources, and assesses relevant socioeconomic structures. The book also presents case studies to maximize readers’ understanding of energy grid management and optimization. Moreover, it offers guidelines on the design, implementation, and maintenance of the (SEG) for island countries.
Small-scale Renewable Energy Systems, Grid-connection and Net Metering: An Overview of the Canadian Experience in 2003 Abstract This report documents the experience of small-scale grid-connected renewable energy power producers in Canada and provides an overview of the grid-connect and net metering policies of electric utilities across the country as of March 2003. [...] One survey documents the experience of the small-scale energy producer and the grid-connection process, while the other catalogues the utility policies in place that support the grid-connection process. [...] One of the factors not accounted for in the study was the preponderance of 'guerilla' systems: systems connected to the grid without the official approval of the utility and/or inspection to meet the CE Code. [...] Two crucial roadblocks have been identified in the US as blocking the widespread uptake of Green Power initiatives and a small-scale renewable energy industry: 1) Lack of consistency in standards and policies regulating the implementation of interconnection and net metering across the country 2) Reluctance of utilities (who are, by and large, both producers and suppliers of power) to allow other p [...] This report documents the experience of small-scale grid-connected renewable energy power producers4 in Canada to the end of March 2003, and provides an overview of the current grid-connect and net metering policies of electric utilities across the country.
This report documents the experience of small-scale grid-connected renewable energy power producers in Canada and provides an overview of the grid-connect and net metering policies of electric utilities across the country as of March 2003. It also provides background and resources for those who are interested in establishing their own grid-connected systems. For the purposes of this study, renewable energy systems were defined as: Photovoltaics (PV), Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), Wind and Microhydro. Also, hybrid systems (any combination of the latter four) were included. The system sizes were limited to what a homeowner or a small to medium size commercial venture might install cost-effectively.
Hybrid energy systems integrate multiple sources of power generation, storage, and transport mechanisms and can facilitate increased usage of cleaner, renewable, and more efficient energy sources. Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids discusses hybrid energy systems from fundamentals through applications and discusses generation, storage, and grids. Highlights fundamentals and applications of hybrid energy storage Discusses use in hybrid and electric vehicles and home energy needs Discusses issues related to hybrid renewable energy systems connected to the utility grid Describes the usefulness of hybrid microgrids and various forms of off-grid energy such as mini-grids, nanogrids, and stand-alone systems Covers the use of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification around the world Discusses various forms and applications of hybrid energy systems, hybrid energy storage, hybrid microgrids, and hybrid off-grid energy systems Details simulation and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems This book is aimed at advanced students and researchers in academia, government, and industry, seeking a comprehensive overview of the basics, technologies, and applications of hybrid energy systems.
The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a need of global society. This editorial, and its associated Special Issue “Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Sources”, offers a compilation of some of the recent advances in the analysis of current power systems that are composed after the high penetration of distributed generation (DG) with different RESs. The focus is on both new control configurations and on novel methodologies for the optimal placement and sizing of DG. The eleven accepted papers certainly provide a good contribution to control deployments and methodologies for the allocation and sizing of DG.
Standalone (off-grid) renewable energy systems supply electricity in places where there is no access to a standard electrical grid. These systems may include photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, hydro turbines or any other renewable electrical generator. Usually, this kind of system includes electricity storage (commonly lead-acid batteries, but also other types of storage can be used). In some cases, a backup generator (usually powered by fossil fuel, diesel or gasoline) is part of the hybrid system. The modelling of the components, the control of the system and the simulation of the performance of the whole system are necessary to evaluate the system technically and economically. The optimization of the sizing and/or the control is also an important task in this kind of system.