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One of the largest food commodities exported from the developing countries to the rest of the world, cocoa has gained increasing attention on the global market—raising many questions about its quality, sustainability and traceability. Cocoa Production and Processing Technology presents detailed explanations of the technologies that could be employed to assure sustainable production of high-quality and safe cocoa beans for the global confectionary industry. It provides overviews of up-to-date technologies and approaches to modern cocoa production practices, global production and consumption trends as well as principles of cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture. The book covers the origin, history and taxonomy of cocoa, and examines the fairtrade and organic cocoa industries and their influence on smallholder farmers. The chapters provide in-depth coverage of cocoa cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest treatments with a focus on cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations and their influence on quality, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation techniques, drying, storage and transportation. The author provides details on cocoa fermentation processes as well as the biochemical and microbiological changes involved and how they influence flavour. He also addresses cocoa trading systems, bean selection and quality criteria, as well as industrial processing of fermented and dried cocoa beans into liquor, cake, butter and powder. The book examines the general principles of chocolate manufacture, detailing the various stages of the processes involved, the factors that influence the quality characteristics and strategies to avoid post-processing quality defects. This volume presents innovative techniques for sustainability and traceability in high-quality cocoa production and explores new product development with potential for cost reduction as well as improved cocoa bean and chocolate product quality.
Cocoa is produced almost exclusively by developing nations in the tropics. Although it is in many ways a suitable crop for small farmers, yields are seriously reduced by several major pests and diseases. This paper identifies the major constraints, summarizes the present state of knowledge, and suggests priorities for research that would be expected to have the greatest impact at the farm level. Financial constraints and thus lack of continuity in research have hindered progress. The botany, historical development, social aspects, and environmental requirements of cocoa are covered. The agronomy section deals with rehabilitating old cocoa, the role of cocoa in farming systems, and the general husbandry of the crop. This is followed by discussion of cocoa physiology, and the relation of shade and nutritional requirements. There are both economic and social constraints to the adoption of more sophisticated farming systems by small farmers. Research is required to improve current chemical and phytosanitary control measures. While breeding for resistance is the ideal long-term solution, there are many difficulties. Pest management in cocoa is generally inadequate.
The fourth edition of this highly regarded book has been considerably enlarged to cover all aspects of cocoa production. Higher prices for cocoa have led to much new knowledge about the plant and changes to its methods of production. These are discussed, along with new problems that have occurred and the fresh research projects that have been needed.