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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Seagrasses are a vital and widespread but often overlooked coastal marine habitat. This volume provides a global survey of their distribution and conservation status.
In 1992, St. Paul Harbor, Alaska, was approved for inclusion in the Monitoring Completed Navigation Projects Program. The objective of the monitoring plan for St. Paul Harbor was to determine if the harbor and its structures were performing (both functionally and structurally) as predicted by model studies used in the project design. Monitoring of the harbor was conducted during the period July 1993 through June 1996. Elements of the monitoring program included prototype wave gauging, wave hindcast study, wave runup, wave overtopping, bathymetric analysis, broken armor unit surveys, and photogrammetric analysis. Wave height data obtained inside the harbor appeared to validate a previous three-dimensional model study. A videotape analysis used to obtain wave runup data along the face of the St. Paul Harbor main breakwater was successful, except during periods of low visibility. Trends in wave hindcast data obtained outside the harbor correlated reasonably well with runup data in a qualitative sense. Absolute values of the hindcast significant wave heights, however, appeared to be substantially lower than the waves experienced in the prototype based on runup values measured, overtopping observed, and local forecasts. Although the St. Paul Harbor main breakwater is currently functioning in an acceptable manner and is in good condition structurally, armor stone continues to degrade. Continued deterioration is predicted due to freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles as well as large waves and sea ice action. Photogrammetric analysis revealed most of the breakwater extension was below its design elevation.
"This manual contains overview information on treatment technologies, installation practices, and past performance."--Introduction.
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