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High-pressure phase-equilibrium calculations using an equation of state are more sensitive to the mixing rules than to details in the effect of density or temperature on pressure. Attention must be given to the problem of how to extend equations of state to mixtures. One possible technique is provided by perturbation theory; another by superposition of chemical equilibria. At low or moderate pressures, vapor-phase corrections are often important. When specific intermolecular forces produce formation of molecular aggregates, strong deviations from ideal-gas behavior can be significant even at pressures well below 1 bar. When vapor-liquid equilibrium data are reduced using conventional expressions for the excess Gibbs energy, the resulting binary parameters tend to be partially correlated, it difficult, but no impossible, to calculate ternary liquid-liquid equilibria using binary parameters only. New models for calculating properties of liquid-phase mixtures mist allow for changes in free volume to give consideration to the effect of mixing on changes in rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. Liquid-phase volumetric effects are also important in describing the solubilities of gases in solvent mixtures. Therefore, future liquid-phase models should incorporate a liquid-phase equation of state, either of the van der Waals type or, perhaps, as given by the direct-correlation function theory of liquids.
Understanding the properties of a reservoir’s fluids and creating a successful model based on lab data and calculation are required for every reservoir engineer in oil and gas today, and with reservoirs becoming more complex, engineers and managers are back to reinforcing the fundamentals. PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) reports are one way to achieve better parameters, and Equations of State and PVT Analysis, Second Edition, helps engineers to fine tune their reservoir problem-solving skills and achieve better modeling and maximum asset development. Designed for training sessions for new and existing engineers, Equations of State and PVT Analysis, Second Edition, will prepare reservoir engineers for complex hydrocarbon and natural gas systems with more sophisticated EOS models, correlations and examples from the hottest locations around the world such as the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea and China, and Q&A at the end of each chapter. Resources are maximized with this must-have reference. Improve with new material on practical applications, lab analysis, and real-world sampling from wells to gain better understanding of PVT properties for crude and natural gas Sharpen your reservoir models with added content on how to tune EOS parameters accurately Solve more unconventional problems with field examples on phase behavior characteristics of shale and heavy oil
Computational tools allow material scientists to model and analyze increasingly complicated systems to appreciate material behavior. Accurate use and interpretation however, requires a strong understanding of the thermodynamic principles that underpin phase equilibrium, transformation and state. This fully revised and updated edition covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics, with a view to modern computer applications. The theoretical basis of chemical equilibria and chemical changes is covered with an emphasis on the properties of phase diagrams. Starting with the basic principles, discussion moves to systems involving multiple phases. New chapters cover irreversible thermodynamics, extremum principles, and the thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces. Theoretical descriptions of equilibrium conditions, the state of systems at equilibrium and the changes as equilibrium is reached, are all demonstrated graphically. With illustrative examples - many computer calculated - and worked examples, this textbook is an valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in materials science and engineering.
Traditionally, the teaching of phase equilibria emphasizes the relationships between the thermodynamic variables of each phase in equilibrium rather than its engineering applications. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. Phase Equilibrium Engineering presents a systematic study and application of phase equilibrium tools to the development of chemical processes. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design and optimization is analyzed. The relation between the mixture molecular properties, the selection of the thermodynamic model and the process technology that could be applied are discussed. A classification of mixtures, separation process, thermodynamic models and technologies is presented to guide the engineer in the world of separation processes. The phase condition required for a given reacting system is studied at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The four cardinal points of phase equilibrium engineering are: the chemical plant or process, the laboratory, the modeling of phase equilibria and the simulator. The harmonization of all these components to obtain a better design or operation is the ultimate goal of phase equilibrium engineering. Methodologies are discussed using relevant industrial examples The molecular nature and composition of the process mixture is given a key role in process decisions Phase equilibrium diagrams are used as a drawing board for process implementation