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Ionic polymers have capabilities to shape the pathway to new membranes and polymer systems that did not exist before. The imidazolium moiety has shown substantial abilities to integrate into a platform for ionic polymers allowing their growth and formation through imidazolium use as a building block. Addition of this component, both ionic and non-ionic, into a polymer matrix has been developed, but the creation of highly tunable, modular polymer structure that contains imidazolium has the potential to surpass previous iterations of ionic compounds and materials in gas separation. After developing a tailorable approach to high performance ionic polymers, we have formed ionic polyimides and polyamides that have been used for various applications such as gas separation, coatings, and films. The ionic polyimides and polyamides which were formed have the potential to be used as CO2/light gas membranes.The hardest factor to overcome within membrane separation is the flux-selectivity tradeoff which describes the upper limits of permeability, gases ability to flow through a membrane, and selectivity, one gas's ability over another to permeate. With the addition of these ionic units into the backbone and as "free"-ILs within the polymer matrix, the permeabilities of these materials can be greatly increased. Through systematic design and study of materials, the structure-property relationship of these newly developed ionic polymers can be determined and applied to further the understanding of these unique polymer systems.
This dissertation details the development and performance of a library of imidazolium ionenes for advanced engineering applications, with an emphasis on membrane-based gas separations and additive manufacturing. Several distinct sets of high-performance ionenes, polymers which contain ionic groups along the backbone chain rather than as pendants, were methodically designed and synthesized. These materials combine structural features commonly associated with state-of-the-art gas-separation membranes with chemical functionalities associated with high-performance engineering polymers. These functional features are spaced by incorporated ionic groups along the main chain, specifically imidazolium cations paired with fluorinated, delocalized anions. The modular synthetic methods and diverse processability of these new ionenes demonstrate that the rational design of materials can lead to enhanced performance and unique properties and behaviors. Through variation of substituents, connectivity along the backbone, and the sequence of functional and ionic segments, this work demonstrates the expansive opportunities for incorporating, distributing, and alternating structural features. These ionenes possess excellent thermal and mechanical properties, while the tailorability and synthetic modularity ionenes provide access to an array of interesting behaviors and molecular architectures. These ionic polymers materials exhibit self-assembly and local structuring when impregnated with free imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL) or multivalent organic salts, which contributes additional tunability and alters intermolecular interactions in the ionene matrix. These HP-ionenes and IL composites were thoroughly characterized to develop structure-property relationships and to understand the coordination between the dispersed, discrete additives and the polymeric ionene matrix. Using the information gathered from characterization of these ionenes and IL composites, the specific suitability of processing techniques for each series of functional imidazolium ionenes was explored, yielding applied studies of these advanced materials as films/coatings, fibers, 3D printing resins, and self-healing elastomers.
Inorganic, Polymeric and Composite Membranes: Structure-Function and Other Correlations covers the latest technical advances in topics such as structure-function relationships for polymeric, inorganic, and composite membranes. Leading scientists provide in depth reviews and disseminate cutting-edge research results on correlations but also discuss new materials, characterization, modelling, computational simulation, process concepts, and spectroscopy. Unified by fundamental general correlations theme Many graphical examples Covers all major membrane types
This report describes the constitution and application of polymeric membranes in separation processes. The separation processes covered are reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, gas separation, pervaporation and ion exchange. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database provides useful references for further reading.
This is a first attempt to provide a general analysis of developments in polyimide membrane synthesis and applications. It will serve as a valuable reference for those with an interest in synthesis of polyimides, the chemistry and physical chemistry of polyimide compounds, the separation properties of membranes and in their preparation and application. It is intended as a summary of the current status of polyimide membrane research for the specialist as well as a teaching aid for graduate studies in polymer chemistry. The authors collaboration demonstrates the high level of scientific research in Russia and the active development of applied research in Japan.
This book summarizes the latest knowledge in the science and technology of ionic liquids and polymers in different areas. Ionic liquids (IL) are actively being investigated in polymer science and technology for a number of different applications. In the first part of the book the authors present the particular properties of ionic liquids as speciality solvents. The state-of-the art in the use of ionic liquids in polymer synthesis and modification reactions including polymer recycling is outlined. The second part focuses on the use of ionic liquids as speciality additives such as plasticizers or antistatic agents. The third part examines the use of ionic liquids in the design of functional polymers (usually called polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) or poly(ionic liquids)). Many important applications in diverse scientific and industrial areas rely on these polymers, like polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, building blocks in materials science, nanocomposites, gas membranes, innovative anion sensitive materials, smart surfaces, and a countless set range of emerging applications in different fields such as energy, optoelectronics, analytical chemistry, biotechnology, nanomedicine or catalysis.
Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites is a complete summary of the existing knowledge on this topic, from the basic concepts of synthesis and design to their applications in timely topics such as high-performance composites, environment, and energy issues. This book covers many aspects of synthesis such as in- situ polymerization within the interlamellar spacing of the clays or by reaction of pristine or pre-modified clays with reactive polymers and prepolymers. Indeed, nanocomposites can be prepared at industrial scale by melt mixing. Regardless the synthesis method, much is said in this book about the importance of theclay pre-modification step, which is demonstrated to be effective, on many occasions, in obtaining exfoliated nanocomposites. Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites reports the background to numerous characterization methods including solid state NMR, neutron scattering, diffraction and vibrational techniques as well as surface analytical methods, namely XPS, inverse gas chromatography and nitrogen adsorption to probe surface composition, wetting and textural/structural properties. Although not described in dedicated chapters, numerous X-ray diffraction patterns of clay–polymer nanocomposites and reference materials are displayed to account for the effects of intercalation and exfoliations of layered aluminosilicates. Finally, multiscale molecular simulation protocols are presenting for predicting morphologies and properties of nanostructured polymer systems with industrial relevance. As far as applications are concerned, Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites examines structural composites such as clay–epoxy and clay–biopolymers, the use of clay–polymer nanocomposites as reactive nanocomposite fillers, catalytic clay-(conductive) polymers and similar nanocomposites for the uptake of hazardous compounds or for controlled drug release, antibacterial applications, energy storage, and more. The most comprehensive coverage of the state of the art in clay–polymer nanocomposites, from synthesis and design to opportunities and applications Covers the various methods of characterization of clay–polymer nanocomposites - including spectroscopy, thermal analyses, and X-ray diffraction Includes a discussion of a range of application areas, including biomedicine, energy storage, biofouling resistance, and more
Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes is an outstanding reference devoted to discussing the separation of gases by membranes. An international team of contributors examines the latest findings of membrane science and practical applications and explores the complete spectrum of relevant topics from fundamentals of gas sorption and diffusion in polymers to vapor separation from air. They also compare membrane processes with other separation technologies. This essential book will be valuable to all practitioners and students in membrane science and technology.
This volume explores the latest developments in the area of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) used for high-temperature fuel cells. Featuring contributions from an international array of researchers, it presents a unified viewpoint on the operating principles of fuel cells, various methodologies used for the fabrication of PEMs, and issues related to the chemical and mechanical stabilities of the membranes. Special attention is given to the fabrication of electrospun nanocomposite membranes. The editors have consciously placed an emphasis on developments in the area of fast-growing and promising PEM materials obtained via hygroscopic inorganic fillers, solid proton conductors, heterocyclic solvents, ionic liquids, anhydrous H3PO4 blends, and heteropolyacids. This book is intended for fuel cell researchers and students who are interested in a deeper understanding of the organic–inorganic membranes used in fuel cells, membrane fabrication methodologies, properties and clean energy applications.