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This book is designed to critically review experimental findings on ionic polymers and colloidal particles and to prove a theoretical framework based on the Poisson-Boltzmann approach. Structure formation in ionic polymer solutions has attracted attention since the days of H. Staudinger and J. D. Bernal. An independent study on ionic colloidal dispersions with microscopy provided a compelling evidence of structure formation. Recent technical developments have made it possible to accumulate relevant information for both ionic polymers and colloidal particles in dilute systems. The outstanding phenomenon experimentally found is microscopic inhomogeneity in the solute distribution in macroscopically homogeneous systems.To account for the observation, the present authors have invoked the existence of the counterion-mediated attraction between similarly charged solute species, in addition to the widely accepted electrostatic repulsion.
The formation and evolution of complex dynamical structures is one of the most exciting areas of nonlinear physics. Such pattern formation problems are common in practically all systems involving a large number of interacting components. Here, the basic problem is to understand how competing physical forces can shape stable geometries and to explain why nature prefers just these. Motivation for the intensive study of pattern formation phenomena during the past few years derives from an increasing appreciation of the remarkable diversity of behaviour encountered in nonlinear systems and of universal features shared by entire classes of nonlinear processes. As physics copes with ever more ambi tious problems in pattern formation, summarizing our present state of knowledge becomes a pressing issue. This volume presents an overview of selected topics in this field of current interest. It deals with theoretical models of pattern formation and with simulations that bridge the gap between theory and experiment. The book is a product of the International Symposium on the Physics of Structure Formation, held from October 27 through November 2, 1986, at the Institute for Information Sciences of the University of Tiibingen. The symposium brought together a group of distinguished scientists from various disciplines to exchange ideas about recent advances in pattern formation in the physical sciences, and also to introduce young scientists to the fi
The results of a special research project carried out for "Molecular Approaches to Non-equilibrium Process in Solution" were presented during The 42nd Yamada Conference on "Structure, Fluctuation and Relaxation in Solution" which was held from 11-15 December, 1994. The following topics were discussed at the conference:1. Solvation Dynamics 2. Relaxation, Fluctuation and Reaction Dynamics 3. Dynamic Structure and Reaction Mechanisms in Solutions. These topics were the main concern of this conference.
Colloidal dispersions play a very important role in nature, industry, and daily life. Sometimes, long-term stability is observed or desired as in ferrotluids (composed of very small magnetic particles with radii of ~ 10 nm), which must be stable even in external fields. On the other hand, only short-term stable dispersions may be necessary during actual processing operations, for example, dispersions of magnetite particles during tape manufacture. The stability of dispersions and many of their physical properties are related to the interaction between the particles in the dispersion medium, which may contain surfactants or macromolecular species. If the net interparticle interaction forces are attractive, then aggregation may occur. Two general types of aggregation behavior may be distinguished: coagulation and flocculation. These two terms are frequently used synonymously but IUPAC has recommended the following definitions: Coagulation implies formation of compact aggregates, leading to the macroscopic separation. Flocculation implies the formation of a loose or open network, floc, which may or may not separate macroscopically. Flocculation brought about by the simultaneous coadsorption of polymer molecules on two (or more) particles is referred to as bridging flocculation. If coagulation results in the merging of two particles into one, as may occur with liquid droplets in emulsions, this process is referred to as coalescence.
An essential capacity of intelligence is the ability to learn. An artificially intelligent system that could learn would not have to be programmed for every eventuality; it could adapt to its changing environment and conditions just as biological systems do. Illustrating Evolutionary Computation with Mathematica introduces evolutionary computation to the technically savvy reader who wishes to explore this fascinating and increasingly important field. Unique among books on evolutionary computation, the book also explores the application of evolution to developmental processes in nature, such as the growth processes in cells and plants. If you are a newcomer to the evolutionary computation field, an engineer, a programmer, or even a biologist wanting to learn how to model the evolution and coevolution of plants, this book will provide you with a visually rich and engaging account of this complex subject.* Introduces the major mechanisms of biological evolution.* Demonstrates many fascinating aspects of evolution in nature with simple, yet illustrative examples.* Explains each of the major branches of evolutionary computation: genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolutionary programming, and evolution strategies.* Demonstrates the programming of computers by evolutionary principles using Evolvica, a genetic programming system designed by the author.* Shows in detail how to evolve developmental programs modeled by cellular automata and Lindenmayer systems.* Provides Mathematica notebooks on the Web that include all the programs in the book and supporting animations, movies, and graphics.
This important book covers the main types of materials that foodscientists have to deal with. Special attention is given to starchand gluten as being of particular importance in food science andnot typical of general classes of substance. The book approachesthe subject matter form a physics viewpoint. Based on the fundamental quantitative principles, which must formthe basis for any discussion, qualitative or quantitative, aboutthe behaviour of the systems involved, the book thus differs fromothers currently available. The editor, Peter Belton, currentlyPresident of the Institute of Food Science and Technology has drawntogether an impressive list of international contributors,providing a book which is essential to all those involved in workon the structure of foods
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, PRIMA 2016, held in Phuket, Thailand, in August 22-26, 2016. The 16 revised full papers presented together with two invited papers, 9 short papers and three extended abstracts were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The intention of the papers is to showcase research in several domains, ranging from foundations of agent theory and engineering aspects of agent systems, to emerging interdisciplinary areas of agent-based research.
The book provides Step-by-step Chapter-wise Solutions to the 3 Most Important requirements of the students - NCERT Book + Exemplar Book + Past 12 Years Solutions for CBSE Class 12. The 6th Edition of the book is divided into 3 sections. • Section 1 - NCERT Exercise - consists of solutions to all Intext and chapter exercises. • Section 2 - Past Year Questions of Past 12 years with Solutions. • Section 3 - Exemplar Problems - Solutions to select NCERT Exemplar problems.
The book provides Step-by-step Chapter-wise Solutions to the 3 Most Important requirements of the students - NCERT Book + Exemplar Book + Past 10 Years Solutions for CBSE Class 12. The 5th Edition of the book is divided into 3 sections. • Section 1 - NCERT Exercise - consists of solutions to all Intext and chapter exercises. • Section 2 - Past Year Questions of Past 10 years with Solutions. • Section 3 - Exemplar Problems - Solutions to select NCERT Exemplar problems.