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By and large, social indicators in developing countries improved in the 1980s, but progress was slowest in the countries that needed it the most. The data show unacceptably high mortality rates, low school enrollment levels, and extensive undernutrition in many parts of the world. Of particular concern are the declining primary enrollment ratios in intensely adjusting countries. This erosion of human capital is inconsistent with the main objectives of adjustment: sustainable long-term growth.
Explores the various ways in which the institutions of the global economy might rise to the challenges posed by the twin goals of increasing the pace of global development and alleviating poverty. This book also provides a much-needed analysis of the successes and failures of international institutions in achieving these aims.
This paper is an account of the World Bank's effort to collect household-level data on poverty in developing countries and what that data says about the effects of government policies on living conditions of the poor. The main objective of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys is to provide household-level data for evaluating the population's living conditions. This paper gives a history of LSMS and shows general trends that emerged in studies for which LSMS data are available: (a) most of the poor are in rural areas; (b) most of the poor are in households in which the head works in agriculture; and (c) the heads of poor households have low levels of education. Selected results of studies on the persistence of poverty, the effects on the poor, structural adjustment, food stamps and food subsidies, and raising user fees for health care and education are presented.
During the 1980s, many developing countries have entered into an explicit process of structural adjustment. The need for such adjustment has been brought about through combinations of external and internal shocks which have led to unsustainable external deficits. Adjustment is not costless. It calls for changes in the composition of output, with more emphasis being placed on exports, and an outward looking strategy. Therefore, there will be distributional effects with both gainers and losers. Who are the likely losers? Are they already in poverty? If so, how can the adjustment process be managed so as to protect them? This paper addresses these questions by putting forward a conceptual framework and implementing it for the specific case of Cote d'Ivoire. This paper is divided into five sections : 1) lays out the conceptual framework of analysis at the macro and micro level; 2) reviews the structural adjustment program in order to highlight salient features that relate to poverty alleviation; 3) develops an empirical poverty profile for 1985; 4) attempts to link the macroeconomic developments of 1980-85 to poverty; and finally 5) looks ahead and draws out some policy conclusions for future design of structural adjustment loans (SALs).
The last decade has brought sharp adjustment and rising poverty for most of the developing world. Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices examines the major causes and results of this situation, including: *the relationship between structural adjustment and poverty; *the extent to which the situation was brought about by internal and/or external policies; *the impact of the IMF and World Bank on adjusting countries; *government tax and spending policies - with a particular focus on social sector spending; *the possiblity of better policies in the future.
Structural adjustment programmes are the largest single cause of increased poverty, inequality and hunger in developing countries. This book is the most comprehensive, real-life assessment to date of the impacts of the liberalisation, deregulation, privatisation and austerity that constitute structural adjustment. It is the result of a unique five year collaboration among citizens‘ groups, developing country governments, and the World Bank itself. Its authors, the members of the Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network (SAPRIN), reveal the practical consequences for manufacturing, small enterprise, wages and conditions, social services, health, education, food security, poverty and inequality. The stark conclusion emerges: if there is to be any hope for meaningful development, structural adjustment and neoliberal economics must be jettisoned.
Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the continent's development agenda.