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The American Southwest is the focus for this volume in Noel Justice's series of reference works that survey, describe, and categorize the projectile point and cutting tools used in prehistory by Native American peoples. Written for archaeologists and amateur collectors alike, the book describes over 50 types of stone arrowhead and spear points according to period, culture, and region. With the knowledge of someone trained to fashion projectile points with techniques used by the Indians, Justice describes how the points were made, used, and re-sharpened. His detailed drawings illustrate the way the Indians shaped their tools, what styles were peculiar to which regions, and how the various types can best be identified. There are hundreds of drawings, organized by type cluster and other identifying characteristics. The book also includes distribution maps and color plates that will further aid the researcher or collector in identifying specific periods, cultures, and projectile types.
Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. Scientific graphs facilitate the visual thinking that allow archaeologists to determine the relationship between variables, and, if well designed, comprehend the processes implied by the relationship. Different graph types suggest different ontologies and theories of change, and particular techniques of parsing temporally continuous morphological variation of artefacts into types influence graph form. North American archaeologists have grappled with finding a graph that effectively and efficiently displays culture change over time. Line graphs, bar graphs, and numerous one-off graph types were used between 1910 and 1950, after which spindle graphs displaying temporal frequency distributions of specimens within each of multiple artefact types emerged as the most readily deciphered diagram. The variety of graph types used over the twentieth century indicate archaeologists often mixed elements of both Darwinian variational evolutionary change and Midas-touch like transformational change. Today, there is minimal discussion of graph theory or graph grammar in introductory archaeology textbooks or advanced texts, and elements of the two theories of evolution are still mixed. Culture has changed, and archaeology provides unique access to the totality of humankind's cultural past. It is therefore crucial that graph theory, construction, and decipherment are revived in archaeological discussion.
A Proposed Culture Typology for the Lower Snake River Region, Southeastern Washington, Frank C. Leonhardy and David G. Rice Northwest Anthropological Conference Student Competition for Best Paper, 1970 First—A Functional Model for the Study of Modernization in a Mestizo Village of the Mesquital Valley, Hidalgo, Michael Thomas Second—Resettlement in Newfoundland: A Displacement of Goals, Paul S. Dinham Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Northwest Anthropological Conference, Corvallis, 1970 Cultural Relations Between the Plateau and Great Basin—Symposium Introduction, Earl H. Swanson, Jr. Toward the Recognition of Cultural Diversity in Basin-Plateau Prehistory, C. Melvin Aikens Ecology in the Great Basin-Plateau Regions, Earl H. Swanson, Jr. Basin-Plateau Cultural Relations in Light of Finds from Marmes Rockshelter in the Lower Snake River Region of the Southern Columbia Plateau, David G. Rice Excavations on the Chilcotin Plateau: Three Sites, Three Phases, Donald H. Mitchell
Palaeo-ecological data from central North America are synthesized in order to demonstrate the effects of the Altithermal or Atlantic Climatic Episode (circa 5500 to 3000 B.C). on vegetation. Against this environmental backdrop, Early Middle Prehistoric archaeological complexes are considered with particular attention to site setting, exploitation strategies and site distribution with comparisons to both earlier (Plano) and later (late Middle Prehistoric) complexes in the same region.