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This paper examines the transformation and diversification of the rural economy in Asia, focusing on the role and importance of the rural non-farm economy and employment in economic transformation and related diversification of employment and income opportunities for rural communities. Looking at the linkages across sectors (agriculture and others) and across regions (urban and rural), the paper stresses the role of agriculture and urban centers as key drivers of the rural non-farm economy. It considers strategic directions to be pursued to leverage diversification opportunities for rural economies to reduce rural poverty and inequality.
The sustainability of the agricultural sector worldwide is increasingly being pressurized by ecological, economic, and social developments. The Dutch government is promoting enhancing circular agriculture as an important rural development strategy in response to the challenges the sector is facing. All farmers in the country will have to be involved in closed cycles by 2030, but many farmers do not want to or cannot make this transition. This study aims to identify the different factors that influence a farmer's decision to transition towards circular agriculture. Based on thirteen semi-structured interviews with already transitioned farmers, a policy officer, a consultant, and a coordinator of a circular farmers' network, it presents an updated framework through which the linkages between different drivers and circular agriculture as a rural development strategy can be studied. This study informs policy makers, and fills a gap in literature between studies on rural development, drivers of diversification, and circular agriculture. From the results, it becomes clear that the most important incentives for farmers to actively work on closing their cycles, are the presence of a learning network, subsidies, and the personal objectives related to gaining insights into the business. Circular agriculture should not be seen as a rural development strategy per se. Many farmers do not link circular agriculture to rural development strategies, but see their business as circular by nature. It fits many different farming styles, and has the potential to contribute to sustainability in the sector as it reduces the creation of waste and need for inputs, regardless of what strategies are pursued. Further research is needed to test the framework in different contexts, and to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that withhold farmers from actively transitioning towards closed cycles.
Contributed articles at two workshops.
The study was conducted in Sebeta town and its hinterland. The main Objective of the study was to assess the Rural-urban Linkages and their Implications for Livelihood Diversification at Household level. The findings of the study are concerned: farmers in the rural kebeles are not market oriented as a result agricultural output did not satisfy the demand of some of urban residents in Sebeta. In this regard, hinterland farmers have shown relatively strong marketing interaction with urban dwellers than urban traders. The study also shows consumption linkages in terms of expenditure on urban goods and selected social services. The study shows there is similarity between hinterland farmers and their urban counterparts to recognize and identify pertinent challenges. The study has identified weak backward and forward production marketing linkage particularly the later is almost non-existent. The rural non-farm sector is promising with more than half of sampled farmers taking part in the activity as their livelihood income source though it has undesirable effect.On the other hand, more than two-third of sampled urban households earn an income from a combination of activities.
Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 1,3, Haramaya University (College of Agriculture and Environmental Science), course: Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, language: English, abstract: This paper assesses the status of livelihood activities of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and the need for diversification. This study is motivated by the belief that the constraints of the farm sector cannot be overcome by simply concentrating on the farm sector alone; inter-sectoral issues and on farm and non-farm linkages need to be addressed. Primary data was collected from 140 households, out of which 75 were engaged in both on farm and non-farm activities and the rest (65 sample households) were engaged only in farm activities. Thus, to understand the stated objectives, primary data was collected using a validated semi-interview schedule, group discussions, a key informant interview, general observation, and scientific documents for secondary data. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The economy of Ethiopia depends heavily on rain-fed agriculture. The sector is anticipated to hold up the whole economy and change its structure. However, the country is highly affected by drought and millions of people are left without sustenance every year. Therefore, diversified on farm and non-farm activities provide an important potential source of income for many.
This book investigates the role of wealth in achieving sustainable rural economic development. The authors define wealth as all assets net of liabilities that can contribute to well-being, and they provide examples of many forms of capital – physical, financial, human, natural, social, and others. They propose a conceptual framework for rural wealth creation that considers how multiple forms of wealth provide opportunities for rural development, and how development strategies affect the dynamics of wealth. They also provide a new accounting framework for measuring wealth stocks and flows. These conceptual frameworks are employed in case study chapters on measuring rural wealth and on rural wealth creation strategies. Rural Wealth Creation makes numerous contributions to research on sustainable rural development. Important distinctions are drawn to help guide wealth measurement, such as the difference between the wealth located within a region and the wealth owned by residents of a region, and privately owned versus publicly owned wealth. Case study chapters illustrate these distinctions and demonstrate how different forms of wealth can be measured. Several key hypotheses are proposed about the process of rural wealth creation, and these are investigated by case study chapters assessing common rural development strategies, such as promoting rural energy industries and amenity-based development. Based on these case studies, a typology of rural wealth creation strategies is proposed and an approach to mapping the potential of such strategies in different contexts is demonstrated. This book will be relevant to students, researchers, and policy makers looking at rural community development, sustainable economic development, and wealth measurement.
This book looks at the major policy challenges facing developing Asia and how the region sustains rapid economic growth to reduce multidimensional poverty through socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable measures. Asia is facing many challenges arising from population growth, rapid urbanization, provision of services, climate change and the need to redress declining growth after the global financial crisis. This book examines poverty and related issues and aims to advance the development of new tools and measurement of multidimensional poverty and poverty reduction policy analysis. The book covers a wide range of issues, including determinants and causes of poverty and its changes; consequences and impacts of poverty on human capital formation, growth and consumption; assessment of poverty strategies and policies; the role of government, NGOs and other institutions in poverty reduction; rural-urban migration and poverty; vulnerability to poverty; breakdown of poverty into chronic and transitory components; and a comparative study on poverty issues in Asia and other regions. The book will appeal to all those interested in economic development, resources, policies and economic welfare and growth.