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The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.
Groundwater Contamination from Stormwater Infiltration examines topics such as urban runoff, constituents of concern, treatment, combined sewage characteristics, relative contributions of urban runoff flow phase, salts and dissolved minerals, treatment before discharge, outfall pretreatment, and local pretreatment.
Stormwater runoff is widely recognised as a primary source of pollution and cause of negative ecological effects in urban river networks. In an effort to mitigate the degradation of receiving waters, tertiary stormwater treatment devices, such as constructed wetlands and bioretention systems, are increasingly being retrofitted to urban catchments at a considerable cost as part of the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) strategy. These devices reduce the direct connection of impervious areas to receiving waterways and have the potential to combine natural biological, chemical and physical processes to treat urban stormwater runoff. However, there has been relatively limited field validation of their benefits, particularly under Australian conditions and in terms of improving ecological health, despite their increasing popularity as part of urban water policies and strategies.
The 20th century's automobile-inspired land use changes brought about tremendous transformations in how stormwater moves across the modern urban land-scape. Streets and parking areas in the average urban family's neighborhood now exceed the amount of land devoted to living space. Add parking, office and commercial space, and it's easy to understand how modern cities have experienced a three-fold increase in impervious areas. Traditional wet weather collection systems removed stormwater from urban areas as quickly as possible, often transferring problems downstream. Innovative Urban WetWeather Flow Management Systems does two things: It considers the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of urban runoff; then describes innovative methods for improving wet weather flow (WWF) management systems. The result of extensive research, Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Manage-ment Systems looks most at how to handle runoff in developments of the 21st century: the confl icting objectives of providing drainage while decreasing stormwater pollutant discharges; the impact of urban WWF on surface and groundwater, such as smaller urban stream channels scoured by high peak flows; sediment transport and the toxic effects of WWF on aquatic organisms; the effectiveness of WWF controls-including design guidelines and source and downstream controls-are an important issue. Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems looks at how source controls like biofi ltration, created through simple grading, may work in newly developing areas, while critical source areas like an auto service facilities, may need more extensive treatment strategies. Focusing WWF treatment on intensively used areas, such as the 20 percent of streets that handle the bulk of the traffic, and under utilized parking areas is also considered. Developing a more integrated water supply system-collecting, treating, and disposing of wastewater, and handling urban WWF-requires innovative methods, such as a neighborhood-scale system that would recycle treated wastewater and storm water for lawn watering and toilet flushing, or use treated roof runoff for potable purposes.
Reviews the groundwater contamination literature as it relates to stormwater. Potential problem pollutants were ident ified, based on their mobility through the unsaturated soil zone above groundwater, their abundance in stormwater, and their treatability before discharge. Possible pollutants were then identified. Includes recommendations for stormwater infiltration guidelines.