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This report documents the development of statistical acceptance procedures for asphalt pavement construction. These acceptance procedures are recommended as modifications to the current U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Guide Specifications entitled "Asphaltic Bituminous Heavy-Duty Pavement (Central-Plant Hot Mix)." Technical reviews are provided for statistical specifications, including statistical acceptance plans. Current acceptance procedures for pavement construction that are used by Federal Government agencies are also reviewed. Recommendations for changes to the USACE Guide Specifications are presented in the form of an Engineering Technical Letter. Both the modified acceptance procedures and current acceptance procedures are applied to field data, providing comparisons in terms of lots rejected, lots accepted with full payment, and lots accepted with reduced payment.
This report documents the development of statistical acceptance procedures for asphalt pavement construction. These acceptance procedures are recommended as modifications to the current U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Guide Specifications entitled "Asphaltic Bituminous Heavy-Duty Pavement (Central-Plant Hot Mix)." Technical reviews are provided for statistical specifications, including statistical acceptance plans. Current acceptance procedures for pavement construction that are used by Federal Government agencies are also reviewed. Recommendations for changes to the USACE Guide Specifications are presented in the form of an Engineering Technical Letter. Both the modified acceptance procedures and current acceptance procedures are applied to field data, providing comparisons in terms of lots rejected, lots accepted with full payment, and lots accepted with reduced payment.
"The overall objectives of this study are to trace the development of a state-of-the-art in specifications for materials and construction methods for asphalt pavements, identify and evaluate requirements that are performance-related, and provide a framework of a system of specifications that will assure higher quality and longer life pavements"--Page 1
This synthesis will be of interest to state DOT construction, materials, statistical, specification, and inspection engineers; DOT research staff; pavement construction material suppliers; highway construction contractors; and civil engineering consulting firms, including field and laboratory materials testing personnel. The synthesis describes the state of the practice for defining and measuring variability in highway pavement construction. Data obtained from a review of the literature, a survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs), and discussions with selected state DOT personnel and private materials producers are presented. This report of the Transportation Research Board defines several measures of variability but concentrates on the use of standard deviation as the usual measure of variability. The synthesis updates reported typical variabilities found in materials and construction specifications. Also included are discussions of current research activities as related to variability, how variability can be used in the development of specification limits, the use of incentives and disincentives in specifications, and the need for additional information on the variability of several materials and construction processes.
Research was undertaken to extend the use of statistically based airport pavement materials specifications that incorporate price-adjustment features. During the course of the project, data on the physical characteristics of pavement materials were collected from thirteen airport pavement construction projects. A statistical analysis of this data permitted the determination of the parameters (mean and standard deviation) on existing airport construction projects, and these parameters were then used to develop acceptance plans and price-adjustment factors. Operating Characteristics (OC) curves and curves of expected payment were used to determine the appropriate acceptance plans, which were based on the percentage of material falling within specification limits (PWL). By using a continuous rather than a discrete price-adjustment schedule, it was possible to avoid the problem of large differences in payment associated with relatively small differences in quality (as measured by PWL). A computer program was developed to approximate the expected payment curves associated with different continuous price-adjustment systems. This program is applicable to one-sided specification limits such as density. For properties such as air voids, which require both an upper and a lower specification limit, the OC curves were determined by computer simulation of 10,000 randomly drawn samples. (Author).
Two aspects concerning evaluation by the Marshall method of bituminous airport pavement construction were addressed. Results from field Marshall and extraction tests were analyzed to identify correlations among the Marshall properties--stability, flow, and air voids--and asphalt content and aggregate gradation, This was done to evaluate the implementation of a multiple price adjustment system based on Marshall properties, and for the development of mathematical models for estimating each property from the percent asphalt content and aggregate gradation. Data were obtained from 5 airport paving projects; however, 2 of these had such small tonnages that there were not sufficient data to prove meaningful. A moderately low negative correlation exists between stability and air voids, while no statistically significant correlation was found to exist between stability and flow. The flow and air voids correlations were not consistent among the two projects considered, with one suggesting a moderately low negative correlation, and the other no statistically significant one. The mathematical models developed for stability, flow, and air voids from extracted asphalt content and aggregate gradation were not good predictors of those properties. This is probably due to primarily to the relatively high sampling and testing variability associated with the field extraction tests. Keywords: Acceptance Plans, Marshall Properties, Price Adjustments, Statistical Quality Control, and Correlation.