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The Power of Stata Graphics at Your Fingertips Whether you are new to Stata graphics or a seasoned veteran, this book teaches you how to use Stata to make high-quality graphs that stand out and enhance statistical results. With over 900 illustrated examples and quick-reference tabs, it offers a guide to creating and customizing graphs for any type of statistical data using either Stata commands or the Graph Editor. The author displays each graph example in full color with simple and clear instructions. He shows how to produce various types of graph elements, including marker symbols, lines, legends, captions, titles, axis labels, and grid lines. Reflecting the new graphics features of Stata, this thoroughly updated and expanded edition contains a new chapter that explains how to exploit the power of the new Graph Editor. This edition also includes additional examples and illustrates nearly every example with the Graph Editor.
The Book of R is a comprehensive, beginner-friendly guide to R, the world’s most popular programming language for statistical analysis. Even if you have no programming experience and little more than a grounding in the basics of mathematics, you’ll find everything you need to begin using R effectively for statistical analysis. You’ll start with the basics, like how to handle data and write simple programs, before moving on to more advanced topics, like producing statistical summaries of your data and performing statistical tests and modeling. You’ll even learn how to create impressive data visualizations with R’s basic graphics tools and contributed packages, like ggplot2 and ggvis, as well as interactive 3D visualizations using the rgl package. Dozens of hands-on exercises (with downloadable solutions) take you from theory to practice, as you learn: –The fundamentals of programming in R, including how to write data frames, create functions, and use variables, statements, and loops –Statistical concepts like exploratory data analysis, probabilities, hypothesis tests, and regression modeling, and how to execute them in R –How to access R’s thousands of functions, libraries, and data sets –How to draw valid and useful conclusions from your data –How to create publication-quality graphics of your results Combining detailed explanations with real-world examples and exercises, this book will provide you with a solid understanding of both statistics and the depth of R’s functionality. Make The Book of R your doorway into the growing world of data analysis.
Although standard mixed effects models are useful in a range of studies, other approaches must often be used in correlation with them when studying complex or incomplete data. Mixed Effects Models for Complex Data discusses commonly used mixed effects models and presents appropriate approaches to address dropouts, missing data, measurement errors, censoring, and outliers. For each class of mixed effects model, the author reviews the corresponding class of regression model for cross-sectional data. An overview of general models and methods, along with motivating examples After presenting real data examples and outlining general approaches to the analysis of longitudinal/clustered data and incomplete data, the book introduces linear mixed effects (LME) models, generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) models, and semiparametric and nonparametric mixed effects models. It also includes general approaches for the analysis of complex data with missing values, measurement errors, censoring, and outliers. Self-contained coverage of specific topics Subsequent chapters delve more deeply into missing data problems, covariate measurement errors, and censored responses in mixed effects models. Focusing on incomplete data, the book also covers survival and frailty models, joint models of survival and longitudinal data, robust methods for mixed effects models, marginal generalized estimating equation (GEE) models for longitudinal or clustered data, and Bayesian methods for mixed effects models. Background material In the appendix, the author provides background information, such as likelihood theory, the Gibbs sampler, rejection and importance sampling methods, numerical integration methods, optimization methods, bootstrap, and matrix algebra. Failure to properly address missing data, measurement errors, and other issues in statistical analyses can lead to severely biased or misleading results. This book explores the biases that arise when naïve methods are used and shows which approaches should be used to achieve accurate results in longitudinal data analysis.
Guideline 12: If the Results of Previous Studies Are Inconsistent or Widely Varying, Cite Them Separately
In this Element and its accompanying second Element, A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Extensions, Matias Cattaneo, Nicolás Idrobo, and Rocıìo Titiunik provide an accessible and practical guide for the analysis and interpretation of regression discontinuity (RD) designs that encourages the use of a common set of practices and facilitates the accumulation of RD-based empirical evidence. In this Element, the authors discuss the foundations of the canonical Sharp RD design, which has the following features: (i) the score is continuously distributed and has only one dimension, (ii) there is only one cutoff, and (iii) compliance with the treatment assignment is perfect. In the second Element, the authors discuss practical and conceptual extensions to this basic RD setup.
Interpreting and Visualizing Regression Models Using Stata, Second Edition provides clear and simple examples illustrating how to interpret and visualize a wide variety of regression models. Including over 200 figures, the book illustrates linear models with continuous predictors (modeled linearly, using polynomials, and piecewise), interactions of continuous predictors, categorical predictors, interactions of categorical predictors, and interactions of continuous and categorical predictors. The book also illustrates how to interpret and visualize results from multilevel models, models where time is a continuous predictor, models with time as a categorical predictor, nonlinear models (such as logistic or ordinal logistic regression), and models involving complex survey data. The examples illustrate the use of the margins, marginsplot, contrast, and pwcompare commands. This new edition reflects new and enhanced features added to Stata, most importantly the ability to label statistical output using value labels associated with factor variables. As a result, output regarding marital status is labeled using intuitive labels like Married and Unmarried instead of using numeric values such as 1 and 2. All the statistical output in this new edition capitalizes on this new feature, emphasizing the interpretation of results based on variables labeled using intuitive value labels. Additionally, this second edition illustrates other new features, such as using transparency in graphics to more clearly visualize overlapping confidence intervals and using small sample-size estimation with mixed models. If you ever find yourself wishing for simple and straightforward advice about how to interpret and visualize regression models using Stata, this book is for you.
Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan builds readers’ knowledge of and confidence in statistical modeling. Reflecting the need for even minor programming in today’s model-based statistics, the book pushes readers to perform step-by-step calculations that are usually automated. This unique computational approach ensures that readers understand enough of the details to make reasonable choices and interpretations in their own modeling work. The text presents generalized linear multilevel models from a Bayesian perspective, relying on a simple logical interpretation of Bayesian probability and maximum entropy. It covers from the basics of regression to multilevel models. The author also discusses measurement error, missing data, and Gaussian process models for spatial and network autocorrelation. By using complete R code examples throughout, this book provides a practical foundation for performing statistical inference. Designed for both PhD students and seasoned professionals in the natural and social sciences, it prepares them for more advanced or specialized statistical modeling. Web Resource The book is accompanied by an R package (rethinking) that is available on the author’s website and GitHub. The two core functions (map and map2stan) of this package allow a variety of statistical models to be constructed from standard model formulas.
This book is about making machine learning models and their decisions interpretable. After exploring the concepts of interpretability, you will learn about simple, interpretable models such as decision trees, decision rules and linear regression. Later chapters focus on general model-agnostic methods for interpreting black box models like feature importance and accumulated local effects and explaining individual predictions with Shapley values and LIME. All interpretation methods are explained in depth and discussed critically. How do they work under the hood? What are their strengths and weaknesses? How can their outputs be interpreted? This book will enable you to select and correctly apply the interpretation method that is most suitable for your machine learning project.
Bernard Rosner's FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOSTATISTICS is a practical introduction to the methods, techniques, and computation of statistics with human subjects. It prepares students for their future courses and careers by introducing the statistical methods most often used in medical literature. Rosner minimizes the amount of mathematical formulation (algebra-based) while still giving complete explanations of all the important concepts. As in previous editions, a major strength of this book is that every new concept is developed systematically through completely worked out examples from current medical research problems. Most methods are illustrated with specific instructions as to implementation using software either from SAS, Stata, R, Excel or Minitab. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Master linear regression techniques with a new edition of a classic text Reviews of the Second Edition: "I found it enjoyable reading and so full of interesting material that even the well-informed reader will probably find something new . . . a necessity for all of those who do linear regression." —Technometrics, February 1987 "Overall, I feel that the book is a valuable addition to the now considerable list of texts on applied linear regression. It should be a strong contender as the leading text for a first serious course in regression analysis." —American Scientist, May–June 1987 Applied Linear Regression, Third Edition has been thoroughly updated to help students master the theory and applications of linear regression modeling. Focusing on model building, assessing fit and reliability, and drawing conclusions, the text demonstrates how to develop estimation, confidence, and testing procedures primarily through the use of least squares regression. To facilitate quick learning, the Third Edition stresses the use of graphical methods in an effort to find appropriate models and to better understand them. In that spirit, most analyses and homework problems use graphs for the discovery of structure as well as for the summarization of results. The Third Edition incorporates new material reflecting the latest advances, including: Use of smoothers to summarize a scatterplot Box-Cox and graphical methods for selecting transformations Use of the delta method for inference about complex combinations of parameters Computationally intensive methods and simulation, including the bootstrap method Expanded chapters on nonlinear and logistic regression Completely revised chapters on multiple regression, diagnostics, and generalizations of regression Readers will also find helpful pedagogical tools and learning aids, including: More than 100 exercises, most based on interesting real-world data Web primers demonstrating how to use standard statistical packages, including R, S-Plus®, SPSS®, SAS®, and JMP®, to work all the examples and exercises in the text A free online library for R and S-Plus that makes the methods discussed in the book easy to use With its focus on graphical methods and analysis, coupled with many practical examples and exercises, this is an excellent textbook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, who will quickly learn how to use linear regression analysis techniques to solve and gain insight into real-life problems.