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Introduces the reader to the production of the products in a refinery • Introduces the reader to the types of test methods applied to petroleum products, including the need for specifications • Provides detailed explanations for accurately analyzing and characterizing modern petroleum products • Rewritten to include new and evolving test methods • Updates on the evolving test methods and new test methods as well as the various environmental regulations are presented
Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, Second Edition gives extensive information on the microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of materials, along with the biocides which are permitted for use according to the most up-to-date worldwide legislation. Mechanisms of biodegradation and biodeterioration, results of biodeterioration, and methods of biostabilization are covered for a large number of products, making the title relevant for a range of industries and applications, including construction, coatings/paints, medical and pharmaceutical applications, and electronics. In addition, the health and safety aspects of biocide application are covered in detail, as well as the personal protection of practitioners who are required to use them. The contents and the most-up-to-date information make this book essential for almost all the fields of applied chemistry. - Enables practitioners to identify the organisms responsible for biodeterioration in materials, select suitable preventative measures, and safely deploy methods of biostabilization - Contains information on the biostabilization of various industrial products, including 24 groups of polymers - Includes critical (and current) health and safety, environmental, and regulatory guidelines and best practices, and their relationships to legislation, regulation, toxicity, micro-organisms, biocides, and polymers - Essential reading for scientists and practitioners as new regulations eliminate the use of previously used materials - Contains up-to-date information on legislation and regulations governing the use of biocides in the European Union, the United States, and worldwide
This book treats corrosion as it occurs and affects processes in real-world situations, and thus points the way to practical solutions. Topics described include the conditions in which petroleum products are corrosive to metals; corrosion mechanisms of petroleum products; which parts of storage tanks containing crude oils and petroleum products undergo corrosion; dependence of corrosion in tanks on type of petroleum products; aggressiveness of petroleum products to polymeric material; how microorganisms take part in corrosion of tanks and pipes containing petroleum products; which corrosion monitoring methods are used in systems for storage and transportation of petroleum products; what corrosion control measures should be chosen; how to choose coatings for inner and outer surfaces of tanks containing petroleum products; and how different additives (oxygenates, aromatic solvents) to petroleum products and biofuels influence metallic and polymeric materials. The book is of interest to corrosion engineers, materials engineers, oil and gas engineers, petroleum engineers, chemists, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, failure analysts, scientists, and students, designers of tanks, pipelines and other systems for storage and transportation fuels, technicians. The book is of interest to corrosion engineers, materials engineers, oil and gas engineers, petroleum engineers, chemists, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, failure analysts, scientists, and students, designers of tanks, pipelines and other systems for storage and transportation fuels, technicians. The book is of interest to corrosion engineers, materials engineers, oil and gas engineers, petroleum engineers, chemists, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, failure analysts, scientists, and students, designers of tanks, pipelines and other systems for storage and transportation fuels, technicians.
This SAE Recommended Practice presents recommendations for test fuels and fluids that can be used to simulate real world fuels. The use of standardized test fluids is required in order to limit the variability found in commercial fuels and fluids. Commercial fuels can vary substantially between manufacturers, batches, seasons, and geographic location. Further, standardized test fluids are universally available and will promote consistent test results for materials testing. Therefore, this document: aExplains commercial automotive fuel components bDefines standardized components of materials test fluids cDefines a nomenclature for test fluids dDescribes handling and usage of test fuels eRecommends fluids for testing fuel system materialsThe test fluid compositions specified in Section 7 of this document are recommended solely for evaluating materials. They are not intended for other activities, such as engine development, design verification, or process validation unless agreed upon by the contracting parties. Most marketplace fuels contain additives for such purposes as oxidation stability, intake and combustion chamber deposit control, anti-foaming, electrostatics, octane, corrosion mitigation, etc., applied at a parts per million basis. It is not the intention of this document to include a surrogate for the potential effects of these additives. As far as this committee is aware, current additives do not adversely affect fuel system materials. Those contemplating new or improved additives for future applications could use the basic test fluids or fuels from this document, and specify the fuel is to be unadditized in order to inject such additives and use the resulting mixtures to assess whether these new additives might affect fuel system materials.For the purposes of this document, the term FUEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied to mixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels. SAE J1681 recommends fuels and fluids to be used for materials testing and defines the quality specifications for the recommended test liquids. The test fuels, fluids, and recommendations have been updated to address the variety of potential feedstock sources, the oxidative instability of biodiesel fuels, and the potential mechanisms of chemical and physical attack on fuel system materials. The 2019 revision is completely reorganized to focus on fluid specifications rather than recipes and nomenclature.